FICHA 3 CONTAMINACIÓN POR DRENAJE ÁCIDO DE MINA

C P S Yadav and Harimohan Gupta

Agriculture is life and blood of our country’s economy. It was highly gratifying that India achieved self-reliance in food production in the shortest span of time in the world, but despite everything, our traditional agro system suffered a great setback, especially owing to the indiscriminate use of fertilizers, insecticides, fungicides and herbicides. This has also created the problem of decline in the soil fertility, pollution of water resources, and chemical contamination of food grain. There is an urgent need to take a holistic view of this problem to curb its negative impact. Organic Agriculture is a major pillar for sustainable Agriculture and an answer to our problem of environment degradation, unsafe food, polluted water, degraded land and wide range of illness due to unsustainable Agriculture practiced in the recent past.

The organic agriculture is not only the need of the hour but also a timely answer to the problems of environment-degradation, unsafe food, polluted water, degraded land and a plethora of agro- maladies emanating from unsustainable agro-system. It hardly needs reiteration that organic agriculture can ensure maintenance of soil health, protection of the environment and sustaining of crop productivity. Furthermore, organic agriculture in keeping with the traditional Indian agro-system not only maintains ecological balance but also ensures sustainability in terms of food production and safeguarding the human health. From the very beginning, the agriculture in India was based on natural farming, meaning thereby that whatever nutrients were drawn from the soil in the form of agricultural produce were returned to the soil in some form or other, as a result all nutrients required for production of crops were always available in the soil in plenty. Thus, the productivity of the soil was maintained and there was no need to add any inorganic nutrient into the soil from outside.

P. K. Shetty, Claude Alvares and Ashok Kumar Yadav (eds). Organic Farming and

Sustainability, ISBN: 978–93–83566–03–7, National Institute of Advanced Studies,

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There may be people who feel that by switching over to organic farming the production will decrease. Yes, this may happen in the initial 3–5 years. The reason for this is that during past 50 years, we have drawn out most of the nutrients from the soil by practicing intensive agriculture. Today when we shift to organic farming, it will not be possible to maintain the nutritional balance in the very first year but in subsequent year, the soil fertility status will improve and by 5 years the production will reach to pre-organic level and may increase above it in the years to come. Once this situation is reached, it will remain sustainable year after year. The pest and disease problems will also be minimized, the number of irrigation will also come down and most of the living forms like earthworms will return to the soil to add to the fertility and to improve its health. This way, the organic farming will cut down the cost on fertilizers, micronutrients, pesticides and irrigation. As a result the overall cost of production will be reduced and farmer will get more economic return with less investment. Besides this, the organic products do not cause any harm to human health and the health of domesticated animals like cattle, goat and sheep. If health improves the expenditure on medicine will be reduced. Analyzing the economic aspects of organic agriculture, it can be mentioned that marketing of healthy produce from agriculture will earn additional revenue to the farmer and will cut down the cost of inputs needed for such production. Further, there will be gradual improvement in the fertility status of the soil, which will yield more produce per unit area. In sum total, there will be considerable economic benefit on long-term basis and farmer will get rid of maladies associated with the market purchased inputs.

On the cost of soil health if we continue to practice intensive agriculture without making proper nutritional management through organic process the soil will soon become infertile and dead. The produce from chemical treated soil and crop will adversely affect the human health and diseases of different types will appear. In support of this let us take the example of Punjab state. In this state plenty of water is available for irrigation. In greed for taking more yield and benefit, the farmers have made excessive use of chemical fertilizers. There is no doubt it increased the production of wheat and paddy but now 25 per cent of Punjab population is suffering from diabetes. The probe

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into such happening indicated considerable zinc deficiency in the diet of Punjab people which may have been one of the factors responsible for this. The zinc deficiency is mainly attributed to continuous drain of zinc from soil following excessive use of fertilizers. Likewise, excessive use of pesticides has been responsible for diseases like cancer. Forty year ago in the state only few shops of chemist were there. Today in every village there is one or more shop. It is a testimony of the fact that because of excessive use of chemicals in agriculture, the food, water, soil and air have been polluted to the extent that it has adversely affected the human health in spite of the fact that food availability per capita has increased as compared to past 40 years.

In brief it can be concluded that if one shifts from chemical agriculture to organic agriculture, in the first year there may be 30–40 per cent loss in production which will come down to 15–20 per cent in the second year and 5–10 per cent in the third year. This loss will be compensated by additional income the farmer will get by marketing good quality organic produce. In subsequent years the production will reach the pre-organic level and may increase further over the years. Some loss will also be compensated by lower cost of input in organic agriculture. It first happened in Brazil. And even the internationally acclaimed agricultural scientist, Novel Laureate Dr. Norman Borlaug, could not first believe it. To grow a bumper crop of soybean and that too without chemical fertilizers, it was beyond the imagination of Dr Borlaug. Prof. Johanna Dobereiner of the Third World Academy of Sciences persuaded Dr. Borlaug to visit Brazil and see the miracle in crop cultivation without Nitrogen fertilizer. Almost the entire soybean crop in Brazil today is grown without the application of Nitrogen fertilizers. And unlike the soybean growing tracts of India, which suffer from excessive usage of fertilizers, the entire soybean growing belt in Brazil is healthy, shows no sign of degradation and fatigue. In other words, absence of Nitrogen fertilizers has encouraged sustainable cultivation of soybean.

Necessity is the mother of invention. With Nitrogen fertilizers not subsidized in Brazil, and obviously priced beyond the reach of farmers, soybean growers were left with no choice but to depend upon organic sources. Agriculture scientists too were forced to undertake research on increasing the efficiency of

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organic manures. As result of not applying synthetic Nitrogen, Brazil is incurring an annual saving of US $3.2 billion. Soybean is not the only crop that grows without any application of artificial Nitrogen. Sugarcane too has emerged as a key to high energy balance with the elimination of Nitrogen fertilizers for the production of bio-energy. Brazil has transformed its rural economy by producing ethanol from sugarcane as an alternate fuel for motor vehicles. The vehicles running on alcohol are far less damaging to the environment, emitting 57 per cent less Carbon monoxide, 64 per cent less hydroCarbons and 13 per cent reduced Nitrogen peroxide than cars running on gasoline. The ethanol fuel now runs four million cars, saving equivalent of 2,60,000 liters of petrol per day.

Scientists meanwhile succeeded in isolating a soil bacterium that helped in the increased uptake of plant nutrients from organic manure. With the result that sugarcane varieties under cultivation are receiving the highest bacterial Nitrogen fixation, directly from the atmosphere, among all non-legume crops. When grown with ample doses of Phosphorus fertilizer and with foliar application of Molybdenum, the crop takes about 150 kg of Nitrogen directly from the atmosphere. Selecting the favourable genotypes resulted in some of the best sugarcane varieties that can produce enough without the intake of Nitrogen fertilizers. And still, the crop yields in semi-organically farmed sugarcane in Brazil are much higher than that of the chemically fertilized crop in India. From 4.2 million hectare, Brazil harvests on an average 64 tones of sugarcane per hectare. Between 1971 and 1981, the initial years of the Green Revolution, excessive intake of chemical fertilizers had led to an increase in the nitrate content of ground water by two and a half times. The seriousness of the problem lies in the fact that once nitrates get into aquifer, it will be decades before the nitrate level in the water falls below the acceptable limit for drinking. High levels of nitrates in drinking water are not only unsafe and cause birth defects but may also lead to nervous breakdown and cancer. Contamination of soils by heavy metals like cadmium through phosphatic fertilizers is yet another hidden threat. And more recently, fertilizers have been found to be playing a significant role in extending the Ozone hole.

Let us now examine the emerging barriers to crop sustainability. Punjab has often been hailed as the country’s

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granary. The land which once produced a rich golden harvest is now beginning to collapse under its own artificial burden of intensive cultivation. The warning bells have been sounding for quite some time and have gone unheeded – intensive cultivation of wheat and rice has already exhausted the nutrient reservoir of the soil. The indiscriminate marketing of chemical fertilizers, without the accompanying doses of organic manures, has drastically reduced the soil fertility. With the organic content of soil hovering around a pathetically low of >0.2 per cent, Punjab soils are getting increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers. A Government task force in 1979, comprising scientist and economists, concluded that ‘some farmers actually experienced no reduction at all when they gave up the use of chemicals. And those who did, lose some production still made more money because they didn’t have to pay for expensive chemicals.’ In another study conducted by the Centre for the Study of Biological Systems, University of Washington at St. Louis, two groups of farms with similar soil and environmental conditions, with one using chemical and the other without it, were evaluated for five years. The study concluded: ‘A five year average shows that the organic farms yielded, in dollars per acre, exactly the same returns. In terms of yield, the organic farms although yielded 10 per cent less but gave similar profits due to savings on cost of chemical inputs’. Now, before any opinion is made, don’t forget that the comparison was between a no chemical farm and an energy efficient farm the likes of which do not exist in India. In Indian context, such study would have been clearly in favour of an organic farm. In any case, it is better to harvest 10 per cent less from a farm than be faced with a near collapse of the farming system.

The answer, therefore, lies in following a non-chemical integrated plant nutrient management system which reinforces the role of organic matter in soil. Since much of the damage to the soil structure and fertility, and the contamination of ground water, is the result of excessive fertilizer usage, the industry need to be made responsible for the damages and also accountable for any further destruction of the soil system. Besides above, for revolutionary change to organic agriculture establishment of Gobar Gas Plants will be a sustainable option in India’s context. A model for optimum utilization of available organic material dove tailing with Livestock development and

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conservation is given hereunder. In other words in this script we have advocated for organic farming, through Livestock Production. For a cluster of 100 Hectares of land, it would need 400 animals especially indigenous milking cows and 200 cubic meter capacity Gobar Gas Plant on community basis. These Gobar Gas plants can even be run and maintained by the panchayats. The Gobar slurry from the plant so obtained will have twice the value of nutrients and simultaneously make available Gobar Gas for cooking or even for lighting. Where there is difficulty in establishing community Gobar Gas Plants, small individual Gas Plants of 5 to 10 Cubic meter may be established which will also give same benefits.

In this sustainable model subsidy on all the components would be a better option than the Nutrient based subsidy. In nutrient based subsidy the money instead of benefiting the farmers will go in the coffers of the fertilizer companies. To get the Micro nutrient analysis of the soil done for every farmer’s field it would need around 1,00,000 soil testing laboratories which is not possible in distant future. In proposed cluster low cost input alternative in first year simultaneously sow three different types of legumes in strips, first of 60 days (like moong) second of 90–120 days (cow pea or soyabean) and third of more than 120 days (red gram) in strips. Nutrient management is done by using NADAP compost, Vermi compost, PROM compost, enriched with Azotobacter, PSB, and Rhizobium. Frequent use of Beejamrut and Panchgavya and soil enrichment formulations such as Sanjivak, Jivamrut, Amrit-Pani has also been found to be useful. Pest management is ensured through cultural, mechnical and Biological alternatives. Use of Biopesticide, Botanical Pespicide like Neem and its preparations, cow urine, Fermented curd water, Dasparni extract, Chilli-garlic extract etc can be used as prophylactics.

Model of food security for India: Government of India is making all efforts to ensure food security to its people. In doing so it has provided sizeable state support for keeping fertilizers affordable to farmers. Quantum of fertilizer subsidy during last few years is given in Table 1. The pattern of Government support on every 50 kg fertilizer bag is given in Table 2 (as mentioned by the then Minister of Fertilizers and Chemicals during 2008–09).

C.P.S. Yadav and Harimohan Gupta 127 Table 1. Yearly Quantum of fertilizer subsidy between 2000 and 2012

Year Amount Rs. (in crores)

2000–2001 13,800 2001–2002 14,170 2002–2003 14,858 2003–2004 15,252 2004–2005 15,779 2005–2006 18,299 2006–2007 25,952 2007–2008 40,338 2008–2009 98,450 2009–2010 52,000 2010–2011 70,012 2011–2012 65, 974

Source: Union Budget 2013–14, Govt. of India

Table 2. Pattern of Government support provided for each bag of fertilizer

Fertilizer Govt. support _{(per mt in Rs.)} Each 50Kg bag of Fertilizer (in Rs.)

DAP 49234.00 2468.00 (domestic and imported both)

UREA 28336.00 1460.00 (imported urea)

MOP 31108.00 1550.00 (not produced)

NPK 36722.00 1837.00 (domestic)

SSP 8134.00 407.00 (domestic)

Source: Union Budget 2013–14, Government of India

If this support is reduced, the cost of food commodities will go up. On this ground the state support is being justified and continued and on this logic no one would like to speak against it as this is likely to put the food security in danger. This has also been made amply clear by the scientists not only in India but world over that excessive and continued use of fertilizers may make soil unproductive and barren if corrective measures are not taken in time. Under such scenario and no alternative solution in sight, the food security may again be threatened in coming 40 to 50 years and how the continued availability of food grains to feed the 1.50 billion people of the country will be ensured is not clear.

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The Government of India’s stand to keep the state support going on the fertilizer is justified on the ground that the entire 14 crore ha cultivable land can not be brought under organic farming over night and organic matter in the form of dung urine and crop residues etc. can not be generated to meet the need of entire cultivable land. Also there is possibility of 30–40% reduction in yield in the 1st _{year of shifting to organic farming. As per Govt.} of India estimates of Rs. 2 lakh per ha conversion cost to organic farming, if we convert India’s 1% cultivable land (1% of 14 crore ha) i.e. 14 lakh ha. crop area, then Rs 28,000 crore additional state support will be needed. If 50% of this state support i.e. Rs. 14,000 crores is spent on live stock development and Rs. 25,000 per milch animals is provided to individual farmer then 14 lakh small and marginal farmers will get 56 lakh milch animals @ of 4 animal per ha. In other words milk, dung and urine of four animal per ha will become available continuously. These farmers on being converted to organic even if face 30–40% reduction in grain yield will get the following additional produce to compensate the loss.

Milk at the rate of 7.5 liter per day/ animal, will yield 30 liter milk per day for 8 months. Annually 7200 liter milk @ Rs. 20 will give an additional income of Rs.1,44,000 per year. On the other hand expenditure on feed, fodder and labour per day/ animal will be (Rs.80 per animal per day, for 4 animals Rs. 320 per day, 9600 per month) Rs. 1,15,200 per year. The income from milk per year (Rs 1,44,000) minus the expenditure of Rs.1,15,200 per year will give a net profit of Rs. 28,800 with milk alone. Gobar per animal per day will be 10 kg. From four animals it will be 40 kg per day and 14,400 kg/ year. With this gobar, desi khad worth Rs.15, 000 can be produced without any extra cost. From above khad following nutrients will become available to the farmer for use in his farm (Table 3).

Table 3. Nutrient availability from desi khad made from the dung of 4 animals

Nutrients Percentage Total nutrients

Nitrogen 1.5% 216 kg.

Phosphorus 1% 144kg.

Potash 1% 144kg.

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At the present rate of recommendations per ha/year in Rabi, (Wheat) and Kharif (Paddy) the state support on fertilizer is worth Rs. 20,000 per year. In lieu of this the farmer gets 80 quintal (wheat+paddy), the market value of this produce is Rs. 96,000/– (@ Rs.1200/Qtls approx). If Government stops this support of Rs. 20,000 on fertilizers to farmers then on the basis of 40% yield reduction under organic farming, the farmer will get only Rs. 76,000 per year. This reduction in income due to yield loss will be compensated by additional income the farmer will get from milk and cow dung etc. which will amount to Rs. 43,800 (28,800 from milk and 15,000 from cow dung etc.), therefore farmer will earn additional net income of Rs. 7400 over wheat and paddy if he would have adopted organic in the first year. Five years fertilizer subsidy @ 20,000 per year equals Rs. 1 lac. If Govt assistance is provided to the farmer to purchase 4 milch animals in the very first year then the related impact will be as shown in Table 4.