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UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN LIBRARY
AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
3.1.1 Study design
This is a laboratory based, descriptive aoss sectional study Physico-chemical and microb1olog.1cal analyses "''ere carried ou1 on samples (pool "''lier) "'hich "'·ere collec1ed from S selected swimming pools II also involved a health SUl'ey, ley infonnanl in1erview and collection of baseline data via the use of questionnai re
3.1.2 Study popublion
Study population comprised of S\v1mmcr3 {molo and female) at the five selected swimming pools in Ibadan Only 1hosc who gave their informed consent were included in the study.
3.1.3 lnclusion/E1:clusion Crittria
I P111t1c1ponts must be 15 )'CMS and Dbovc {both genders are involved)
2 Panicipants muS1 have s,vum at least three times in the selected swimming pools in Ibadan for the pas1 one month
3 Only s,vimmers ,vho are willing to be s1ud1ed and who give their informed consen1 ,viii be studied
4 S,vimmcrs bclo,v 18 years have to be accompanied by• pan:nl and both panics must be ,villing and ready to give their informed consent
3.1.4 San1pling procedure
Five public S\vimming pools were selected through Mralilied cluster sampling This ,vas done in order 10 rcnce1 1he hygiene practices of S\V1mmcrs in di1Tcrcn1 subgroups of the population wi1h different sociocc.onom1c s111us and cducauonal qW11ilica1ion As at the 1ime of study, 1en swi1nn1ing pools ,vere located 1n lbwn and 1hesc "'ere grouped in10 three cluster, depending on the l\3lure of the centres where they are located
• The s1uden1 fiacility Un1\lcnity oflb1d111
• The rccrc:iuorw facility Rccreauon Club and Cocodomc Restaurant and Night Club
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UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN LIBRARY
AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
• Hotel / guest house facility The lntcmalional Guest House located at International Institute of Tropiad Agriculture (IlT A), Premier Hotels., Lalia Rot els. Labod
Hotels, Davis hole� D Roovans Hotel, and Kak.anfo Inn.
Finally 3 hotel facilities and I recreational facility were picked through bal101jog. 1n addition the only student facility ,vas selected All consecutive swimmers aged IS years and above who consented to panicipate ,vcre studied unhl the appropriate sample size for that centre wns attained The swimming pools that ,verc studied included those located at
University of lbndan. Rccren11on club, Premier hotel. Labod hotel, and the International house of OT A.
3.1.S Snn1ple size c.nlcu!Jltion
The number of swimmers ,vho pl\nicipated in the study ,vu determined using the fonnuJa below
n = r.1 gq dl
n = desired sample size
z = standard normal deviate (I 96) corresponding to 95¾ conlidencc intc:rval
p = proportion of adult swimn,ers in lbad11n with good hygiene practices A 50"/o proportion wus taken beausc no ligurc was found
q - (l·p)
d • precision (0.05)
n'" (l.96} 1 x 0 . 5 X ( I -0,Sl
384 16 swimmers (005) 1
The calculated sample s,zc is approximated to 400 swimmCTS to accommodate loss due to attrition
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UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN LIBRARY
AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
• Hotel / guest house facility Toe lntemational Guest House located at International Institute of Tropical Agricullurc (ITTA), J>mnicr Hotels, Lalia Hotels, Labod
Hotels, Davis hotel, D Roovans Motel, and Kakanfo lnn.
Finally 3 hotel facilities and I recreational facility were picked through ballo tjng. ln addition the only student facility ,vas selected AJI consecutive swimmers aged 15 years and above ,vho consented 10 panicipate ,vcre studied until lhc appropriate sample size for that centre was nttllincd The swimming pools that ,vcre sludicd included those located at.
University of lbndnn. Recrcauon club, Premier hotel. Labod hotel, and the International house of nT A.
3. 1.5 S11n1ple s�e calculation
The number of s,vimmcrs who pAnicipated in lhe study ,vas determined using the formula below
n = in<i
dl
n = desired sample siz.c
z = standard normal deviate (t.96) corresponding to 95¼ confidence interval
p = proportion of ndult swimmers in Ibadan ,vith good hygiene practices A 50"/o proportion ,vas taken because no figure was found
q - (1-p)
d • precision (0.05)
n (1.96} 1 JS 0 .5 x C I - 0.5)
384 16 S\vimmers (0,05) 1
The calculated sample size is approximated to 400 S\vimmcrs to accommodate loss due to aurition
UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN LIBRARY
AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
A proportional allocation or the sample size to different centres was made to avoid bias since the SW1mming frequency io these poob djffcred The swimming fn:quency depends on the total number or swimmers per month. This inrormation WIS obtained from SWtmmcrs records l..cpt by the pool staff at the international house and premier hotels respectively The swimming fr eq uency ror the remaining 3 centres WIS supplied by the lireguards
3.1.6 Field and laboratory n1,1hod1
( I) \Vatc:r snmpling ,vat er samples ,vcrc collected from the selected public swimming pools ror physico.chem,cal and microbial analyses Each pool was sampled t�o times a day (I lam and 4pm) and ror IY.'O days in II week. (Tucsda� and Saturdays) These days ,vcre chosen bccouse Saturdays wen: usually peak periods al these S\vimm,ng pools and ror S\vimming pools that wen: not d,sinrected druly, disinfection 'YllS USUDlly cruried out on �-fonday. Pool sampling lasted ror a period or four weeks A total or I 60 samples ,vere c-0llcctcd (80 for microbial analysis and 80 for physico-chem,cal analysis)
a. S•mplc collection for Ph)sico-ch,mkal •n•lysb
Sample collection ,vas done in accordance with standard methods (American Public Hc.,hh Association., 1998) Clean SOOmls glass bottles were used for sample collection These containers ,vere rinsed thoroughly with the pool \\'lier Pool ,varcr was collected
20cm bclo,v water surface and a,vay from water inlets
b S•mplc collection for microbiological analysiJ
Sample collcc11on ,vas done in accordance ,vith standard methods (APIIA. 1998) Clean sterile, 120ml bonlcs conta,n,ng O I ml or a J,� solution or sodium tbiosulphate (dcchloriniuing agent) \\'CfC used Stcriliut.ion or the bo11les Y..'aS achieved by autoclaving at 121 °c ror I Sm,nutcs Sterile rubber gloves were used 10 collce1 sampl es 20cm below water surface and away from water inlets Samples Y.crc collected Y..hcrc
water depth was approximately Im As much as possible, samples "ere collected dunns periods of peak use ,Yhcn SWJmmcrs wac in the w-.1er
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UNIVERSITY OF
IBADAN LIBRARY
AFRICAN DIGITAL HEALTH REPOSITORY PROJECT
Table 3.1. Simple sru calc:ulation for each «01cr
Ct!nlf!T
Premier hotel
University of Ibadan Recreation Club Labod hotel
ln1ema1ional house (IITA) Total
Premier hotel= 280 x 400 1120
s,v,mmcrs •
�ivimming frt!llumcy I month
In document
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(página 59-70)