CAPITULO 4: DISCUSIÓN Y ENLACES
4.4 Fincas de ingreso alto
As the findings in this study further strengthen the role of Campylobacter spp as agent of diarrhoea in the country the following recommendations are made:
1. There is the need to include Campylobacter isolation in the routine microbiological stool investigation in Nigeria, particularly for the under-five paediatric patients, as Campylobacter is a possible agent of diarrhoea as demonstrated by this and previous studies in the country.
2. National survey in the country is needed to know the burden of Campylobacter species and other enteric pathogens in Nigeria.
3. Wherever possible drug selection should be based on the sensitivity pattern of the isolate for rationale chemotherapy.
4. There is the need for improvement on the personal and community hygiene to reduce the transmission of Campylobacter through contaminated foods and water.
75
Plate 1: The picture shows a typical well in the environment, with a Chicken Coop in the vicinity.
The well is without a concrete platform and the water drawing bucket kept on the ground.
76
Plate 2: An example of a shallow well used as water source for water vendors. The water that collect around the well, can get contaminated by poultry or animals infested with Campylobacter species.
77
Plate 3: A water collection point; they are collecting the water from a number of shallow wells dug beside a large ditch that surround the tradition city wall. People dump refuse including dead animals (Chickens, Ducks, Sheep etc) into the ditch which could be a source of Campylobacter infection. Waste water from the households too, empty into the ditch through similar drains as seen in the picture above.
78
Plate 4: A typical water hawker/distributor, usually responsible for the distribution of water to various households in the study area. The water could be from well, bore hole or tap (Pipe borne). Contamination could occur at point of collection, on transit or at point of discharge.
79
Plate 5: Children collecting water from a well without a concrete platform, no covering and is situated very close to a gutter. The children usually play around and in the process dropping things into the well that can pollute the water. A water distributer could be seen besides the well going to a near by water collection point.
80
Plate 6: Ducks which could be source water contamination with of Campylobacter species are commonly seen around water sources in Zaria, as seen above.
81
Plate 7: A Typhical Household - Animals living in the same compound with people with an under-five child standing beside a flock of sheep and a turkey nearby.
82 REFRENCES
1. Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomas BN, Amisu KO, Obi CO. Human Campylobacteriosis in Developing Countries. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002: 8; 237-243.
2. Skirrow MB, Blaser MJ. Clinical and Epidemiological Considerations. In: Campylobacter jejuni.
Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin I, Blaser M J, Tompkins LS (eds) ASM. Washi ngton DC 1992; pp 3 –8.
3. Lastovica AJ, Engel ME. Epidemiology of other Campylobacter species. In: The Increasing Incidence of Human Campylobacteriosis. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark 2000; pp 61-64.
4. Singleton P. Bacterial Food Poisoning and Food Hygiene. Minidescriptions of some genera, families and other categories of bacteria. In: Bacteria in Biology, Biotechnology and Medicine.
4th edition (1999 reprint) John Willey & Sons Ltd pp 370 – 378.
5. Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Campylobacter and Helicobacter. In: Medical Microbiology. 3rd ed.
Baron S, Jennings PM. (eds). Churchill Livingstone; pp 337-349.
6. Tauxe RV. Epidemiology of Campylobacter jejuni infections in the United State and other Industrialized Nations. Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin I, Blaser MJ, Tommpkins LS.(eds) ASM. Washington D C 1992; pp 9-19.
7. King EO. Human Infections with Vibrio fetus and Closely Related Vibrio. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1957: 191; 119-128.
8. Skirrow MB. Campylobacter enteritis: a new disease. British Medical Journal 1977; 2: 9-11.
9. Butzler J-P. Campylobacteriosis in Humans (A historical overview). In: The Increasing Incidence of Human Campylobacteriosis. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts.
Copenhagen, Denmark 2000; pp 38-41.
10. Mims C, Playfair J, Wakelin D, Williams R. Gastrointestinal Infections. In: Medical Microbiology 2th ed. Mosby Int. Ltd. 1998. pp 259-260.
83
11. Dingle KE, Colles FM, Ure R, Wagenaar JA, Duin B, Bolton FJ, A. Fox AJ, Wareing DRA, Maiden MCJ. Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni Clones: A Basis for Epidemiologic Investigation. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002; 8: 949-955.
12. McClurg KR, McClurg JE, Moore JE, Dooley JSG. Efficient isolation of Campylobacter from stools: what are we missing? Journal of Clinical Pathology 2002; 55: 239-240.
13. Allos MB. Campylobacter jejuni Infections: Update on Emerging Issues and Trends.
Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 32: 1201-1206.
14. Fernández H, Rodríguez R, Barudi C, Lobos M. A Case of Acute Diarrhoea due to the Emerging Pathogen Campylobacter jejuni subsp. doylei in South Chile. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2003; 34: 52-54.
15. Taylor, D N. Campylobacter Infections in Developing Countries. In: Campylobacter jejuni Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin, I, Blaser, M J, Tompkins L .S (eds) America Society for Microbiology. Washington DC 1992; pp 20 – 30.
16. Billingham JD. Campylobacter enteritis in The Gambia. Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981; 75: 641-644.
17. Blaser MJ. Infections Due to Campylobacter and Related Species. In: Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine. 15th ed CD-ROM 2001 McGraw. Chap 158: 1-4.
18. Blaser MJ, Black RE, Duncan DJ, Amer J. Campylobacter jejuni-Specific Serum Antibodies Are Elevated in Healthy Bangladeshi Children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1985;21: 164-167.
19. Bokkenheuser VD, Richardson NJ, Bryner JH, Roux DJ, Schutte AB, Koornhor J, Freiman I, Hartman E. Detection of Enteric Campylobacteriosis in Children. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1979; 2: 227-232.
20. Desheng L, Zhixin C, Bolun W. Age distribution of diarrhoeal and healthy children infected with Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1992; 95:218-220.
21. Coker AO, Adefeso AO. The Changing of Patterns of Campylobacter jejuni/coli in Lagos, Nigeria After Ten Years. East African Medical Journal 1994; 71: 437 – 440.
84
22. Low DC, Lawande RV and Hall C. Campylobacter enteritis in Northern Nigeria (Letter).
Transactions of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 1981; 75:757.
23. Olusanya O, Adebayo J O, Williams B. Campylobacter jejuni as a bacterial cause of diarrhoeal disease in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. The Journal of Hygiene 1983; 91(1):77-80.
24. Coker AO, Dosunmu-Ogunbi O. Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni in Lagos, Nigeria A New Bacterial Agent of Diarrhoea. East African Medical Journal 1984; 61: 52 - 55.
25. Coker AO, Dosunmu-Ogunbi O. Gastroenteritis Due to Campylobacter jejuni in Lagos, Nigeria.
Central African Journal of Medicine 1985; 3: 72 - 74.
26. Coker AO, Isokpehi RD, Thomos BN, Amisu KO. Campylobacter enteritis in Lagos, Nigeria.
Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000; pp 117.
27. Coker AO. Incidence, trends and sources of Campylobacteriosis in developing countries –An overview. The Increasing Incidence of Campylobacteriosis. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000; pp 44-48.
28. Aboderin AO, Smith SI, Oyelese AO, Onipede AO, Zailani SB, Coker AO. Role of Campylobacter jejuni/coli in Diarrhoea in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. East African Medical Journal 2002;
79:423-426.
29. Adekunle OC, Coker AO, Kolawole DO. Incidence, isolation and characterization of Campylobacter species in Osogbo. Biology and Medicine 2009; 1(1): 24-27.
30. Nweze EI. Virulence Properties of Diarrheagenic E. coli and Etiology of Diarrhea in Infants, Young Children and Other Age Groups in Southeast, Nigeria. American-Eurasian Journal of Scientific Research 2009; 4 (3): 173-179.
31. Fennell CL, Totten PA, Patton DL, Holmes KK, Stamm WE. Characterization of Campylobacter-like organisms isolated from homosexual men. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1984; 149(1): 58-66 [abstract]
85
32. Cunningham C, Lee CH. Myocarditis related to Campylobacter jejuni infection: A case report.
BMC Infectious Disease 2003; (1):16.
33. Havelaar AH, de Wit MAS, van Koningsveid, van Kempen E. Health burden due to infection with thermophillic Campylobacter spp. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark 2000; pp 49-52.
34. Wassenaar TM, Fry BN, Lastovica AJ, Wagenaar JA, Coloe PJ, Duim B. Genetic Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni O:41 Isolates in Relation with Guillain-Barre Syndrome. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000; 38: 874-876.
35. Vriesendorp FJ. Insights into Campylobacter jejuni-induced Guillen-Barre Syndrome from the Lewis Rat Model of Experimental Allergic Neuritis. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 176 (suppl): S164-168.
36. Taylor, DN. Antimicrobial Resistance of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli to Tetracycline, Chloramphenicol, and Erythromycin. In: Campylobacter jejuni Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin, I, Blaser, M J, Tompkins L S(eds) ASM Washington DC 1992;
pp 74 – 87.
37. Nachamkin I, Ung H, Li M. Increasing Fluroquinolone Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni, Pennsylvania USA 1982-2001. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2002; 8:1501-1503.
38. Gupta A, Nelson JM, Barrett TJ, Tauxe RV, Rossiter SP, Friedman CR, Joyce KW, Smith KE, Jones TF, Hawkins MA, Shiferaw B, Beebe JL, Vugia DJ, Rabatsky-Ehr T, Benso JA, Root TP, Angulo FJ. Antimicrobial Resistance among Campylobacter Strains, United State, 1997-2001.
Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 1102-1109.
39. Aboderin AO, Oyelese AO, Coker AO. Antibiotic Susceptibility Pattern and Beta-Lactamase Production of Strains of Campylobacter Species Isolated in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Health and Biomedical Sciences 2004; 3: 61-64.
86
40. Fernández H. Emergence of Antimicrobial Resistance in Campylobacter: The Consequences for Incidence, Clinical course, Epidemiology and Control. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark 2000; pp 67-70.
41. Engberg J, Aarestrup FM, Taylor DE, Gerner-Smidt P, Nachamkin I. Quinolone and Macrolide Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli: Resistance Mechanisms and Trends in Human Isolates. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2001; 7: 24-34.
42. Cardinale E, Dromigny J-A, Tall F, Konte M, Perrier-Gros-Claude JD. Flouroquinolone Susceptibility of Campylobacter Strains, Senegal. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003; 9:
1479-1481.
43. Engberg J, Neimann J, Nielsen EM, Aarestrup FM, Fussing V. Campylobacter Infections in Two Danish Counties. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 1056-1063.
44. Dryden MS, Wright SK. Emperical Treatment of Severe Acute Community-Acquired Gastroenteritis with Ciprofloxacin. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1996; 22: 1019-1025.
45. Ali AM, Qureshi AH, Rafi S, Khan IA, Hussain S. Antibiotic Resistance in Campylobacter jejuni in Rawalpinda and Islamabad – A Preliminary Study. Pakistan Journal of Medical Sciences 2003;
19: 272-276.
46. Bolton F. Methods for isolation of Campylobacter from humans, animals, food and water. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark 2000; pp 87 - 91.
47. Hoshiko M. Laboratory diagnosis of infectious diarrhoea. Pediatric Annals 1994; 23(10):
570-574.
48. Billingham JD. A Comparison of Two Media for the Isolation of Campylobacter in the Tropics.
Transaction of Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and 1981; 75: 645-646.
49. Alabi SA, Coker AO, Dossunmu-Ogunbi O, Odugbemi T. Biotype and Serogroup Distribution of Campylobacter Isolates from Children in Nigeria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986; 24:
856 – 858.
87
50. Coker AO. Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Arcobacters: Contributions to scientific Literature. In: University of Lagos Lecture Series 2010. University of Lagos Press, Yaba-Lagos.
2010; pp 2 – 25.
51. Yakubu AM, Bello CS. Campylobacter enteritis in Zaria. Campylobacter Epidemiology,
Pathogenesis and Biochemistry Newell DG (edi). Lancaster. Boston. The Hague. 1982;
pp 30 – 31.
52. Raji, M A. Characterization of Campylobacter Species Isolated from Sheep and Effects of Crude Extracts of Acacia nilotica and Vitex doniana on the Isolates. MSc Thesis ABU Zaria (1998).
53. Butzler J-P. Campylobacter, from obscurity to celebrity. Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 868-876.
54. Le Rroux, Lastovica AJ. The Cape Town Protocol: how to isolate the most Campylobacter for your dollar, pound, franc, yen, etc. In: Campylobacter, Helicobacter and related organisms.
Proceedings of the 9th International Workshop, Cape Town.
55. Diergaardt SM, Venter SN, Chalmers M, Theron J, Brözel VS. Evaluation of the Cape Town Protocol for the isolation of Campylobacter spp. from environmental waters.[Short communication] Water SA Vol. 29 No. 2 April 2003. Available on website http://www.wrc.org.za
56. UK Publicly Funded Research Relating to Campylobacter: Update, May 2004. Report to the Microbiological Safety of Food Funders Group May 2004.
57. Miller G, Dunn GM, Reid TMS, Ogden ID, Strachan NJC. Does age acquired immunity confer selective protection to common serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni? BMC Infectious Disease 2005, 5:66. Available at http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/5/66
58. Altekruse SF, Stern NJ, Fields PI, Swerdlow DL. Campylobacter jejuni—An Emerging Foodborne Pathogen. Emerging Infectious Diseases 1999; 5: 28 – 55.
88
59. Mazick A, Ethelberg S, Nielsen EM, Mølbak K, Lisby M. An outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni associated with consumption of chicken, Copenhagen, 2005. Euro surveillance 2006;11(5):
137 – 138.
60. Blaser MJ. Epidemiologic and Clinical Features of Campylobacter jejuni Infections. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1997; 176 (suppl 2):S103-105.
61. Vogt RL, Little AA, Patton CM, Barrett TJ, Orciari LA. Serotyping and Serology Studies of Campylobacteriosis Associated with Consumption of Raw Milk. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1984; 20: 998-1000.
62. Thielman NM, Guerrant RL. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. New England Journal of Medicine 2004;
350: 38-47.
63. Georges-Courbot MC, Beraud-Cassel AM, Gouandjika I, Georges AJ. Prospective Study of Enteric Campylobacter Infections in Children from Birth to 6 Months in the Central African Republic. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1987; 25: 836-839.
64. Taylor DN, Perlman DM, Echeverria PD, Lexomboon U, Blaser MJ. Campylobacter immunity and quantitative excretion rates in Thai children. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1993;
168(3):754-758.
65. Rao MR, Naficy AB, Savarino SJ, Abu-Elyazeed R, Wierzba TF, Peruski LF, Peruski LF, Abdel-Messih I, Frenck R, Clemens JD. Pathogenicity and Convalescent Excretion of Campylobacter in Rural Egyptian Children. American Journal of Epidemiology; 154:166-173.
66. Mangia AHR, Duarte AN, Duarte R, Silver LA, Bravo VLR, Leal MC. Aetiology of Acute Diarrhoea in Hospitalized Children in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. Journal of Tropical Pediatric 1993; 39: 365 – 367.
67. Georges-Courbot MC, Baya C, Beraud AM, Meunier DMY, Georges AJ. Distribution and Serotypes of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli in Enteric Campylobacter Strains Isolated from Children in the Central African Republic. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986;
23: 592-594.
89
68. Obi CL, Coker OA. Opoke J, Ndip RN. Enteric bacterial pathogens in stools of residents of urban and rural regions in Nigeria: a comparison of patients with and without diarrhoea and controls without diarrhoea. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research 1997;15(4):241-247.
69. Skirrow, MB. Campylobacter and Helicobacter. In: Medical microbiology. 15th ed. Greenwood D. Slack RCB. Peutherer JF(eds). Churchill Livingstone. 1998; Pp 290-294.
70. Poter IJ, Duguid. Vibrio: Aeromonas: Plesiomonas: Spirillum: Campylobacter. In:Mackie &
McCartney Practical Microbiology. 13th ed. Collee JG, Duguid JP, Fraser AG, Marmion BP(eds).
Churchill Livingstone. 1989; pp 512-515.
71. Wang WL, Blaser MJ. Detection of Pathogenic Campylobacter Species in Blood Culture Systems. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1986; 23: 709-714.
72. Prescott, LM, Harley JP, Klein DA. Microbial Taxonomy. In: Microbiology. 5th edition Mc Graw Hill 2002. pp 422- 449.
73. Vandamme PRT. Methods for identification of Campylobacter. The Increasing Incidence of Campylobacteriosis. Report and Proceedings of a WHO Consultation of Experts. Copenhagen, Denmark, 2000; pp 94 - 99.
74. Edmonds P, Patton CM, Griffin PM, Barrett TJ, Schmid GP, Baker CN, Lambert MA, Brenner DJ. Campylobacter hyointestinalis Associated with Human Gastrointestinal Disease in the United States. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1987; 25: 685-691.
75. Han XY, Tarrand JJ, Rice DC. Oral Campylobacter Species Involved in Extraoral Abscess: a Report of Three Cases. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2005; 43: 2513–2515.
76. On SLW, Atabay HI, Corry JEL, Harrington CS, Vandamme P. Emended description of Campylobacter sputorum and revision of its infrasubspecific (biovar) divisions, including C.
sputorum biovar paraureolyticus, a urease-producing variant from cattle and humans.
International Journal of Systemic Microbiology 1998; 48: 195–206.
90
77. Kassa T, Gebre-selassie S, Asrat D. The prevalence of thermotolerant Campylobacter species in food animals in Jimma Zone, southwest Ethiopia. Ethiopian Journal of Health Development 2005; 19(3): 225-229.
78. Waldenström J, Broman T, Carlsson I, Hasselquist D, Achterberg RP, Wagenaar JA, Olsen B.
Prevalence of Campylobacter jejuni, Campylobacter lari, and Campylobacter coli in Different Ecological Guilds and Taxa of Migrating Birds. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 2002;
68(12): 5911–5917.
79. Vierikko A, Hänninen M-L, Siitonen A, Ruutu P, Rautelin H. Domestically Acquired Campylobacter Infections in Finland. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10: 127-30.
80. Michaud S, Ménard S, Arbeit RD. Campylobacteriosis, Eastern Townships, Québec. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 10:1844-1847.
81. Nichols GL. Fly Transmission of Campylobacters. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005; 11:
361-364.
82. Hald B, Skogård H, Bang DD, Pedersen K, Dybdahl J, Jespersen JB, Madsen M. Flies and Campylobacter Infections of Broiler Flocks. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2004; 8:1490-1492.
83. Prescott, L M, Harley J P, Klein D A. Microorganism as Foods and Foods Amendments. In:
Microbiology 5th edition. Mc Graw Hill 20002; pp 986 – 987.
84. Schönberg-Norio D, Takkinen J, Hänninen M-L, Katila ML, Kaukoranta SS, Mattila L, Rautelin H. Swimming and Campylobacter Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005; 8:1474-1477.
85. Evans MR, Ribeiro CD, Salmon RL. Hazard of Healthy Living: Bottled Water and Salad Vegetables as Risk Factors for Campylobacter Infections. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003;
9:1219 – 1225.
86. Ekdahl K, Andersson Y. Regional risks and seasonality in travel-associated campylobacteriosis.
BMC Infectious Disease 2004, 4:54.
91
87. Csángó PA, Hasseltvedt V, Jørgensen MR, Lislevand JH. Campylobacter jejuni in a platelet concentrate. Eurosurveillance Weekly: Thursday 26 July 2001. Volume 5, Issue 30. Available at http://www.eurosurv.org/
88. Clark CG, Price L, Ahmed R, Woodward DL, Melito PL, Rodgers FG, Jamieson F, Ciebin B, Li A, Ellis A. Characterization of Waterborne Outbreak-associated Campylobacter jejuni, Walkerton, Ontario. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2003; 9: 1232-1241.
89. Ruiz-Esquide F, Lafourcade M, Andrews E, Fernández H. Neonatal Campylobacter coli Hemorrhagic enteritis and bacteraemia. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 2003; 34: 341-343.
90. Robinson DA. Infective dose of Campylobacter jejuni in milk. British Medical Journal 1981;
282:1584.
91. Black RE, Levine MM, Clements ML, Hughes TP, Blaser MJ. Experimental Campylobacter jejuni infection in humans. Journal of Infectious Diseases 1988; 157: 472 – 479.
92. Javid M, Ahmed S. eMedicine – Campylobacter Infections. Derevets DD, Talavera F, Bronze MS, Mylonakis E, Cunha BA, (Eds) Last Updated: October 2002.
93. Metherell LA, Logan JM, Stanley J. PCR-Enzyme-Link Immunosorbent Assay for Detection and Identification of Campylobacter Species: Application to Isolates and Stool Samples. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1999; 37: 433-435.
94. Parkhill J, Wren BW, Mungall K, Ketey JM, Churcher C, Basham D. Chillingworth T, Davies RM, Feltwell T, Holroyd S, Jagels K, Karlyshev AV, Moule, S, Pallen MJ, Penn C.W, Quail MA, Rajandream, M-A, Rutherford KM, van Vliet AHM, Whitehead S, Barrell, BG. The genome sequence of the food-borne pathogen Campylobacter jejuni reveals hypervariable sequences.
Nature 2000; 403: 665 – 668.
95. van Vliet AHM, Ketley JM. Pathogenesis of enteric Campylobacter infection. Journal of Applied Microbiology 2001; 90: 45S - 56S.
92
96. Karlyshev AV, Everest IP, Linton D, Cawthraw IS, Newell DG, Wren BW. The Campylobacter jejuni general glycosylation system for attachment to human epithelial cells and in the colonization of chicks. Microbiology 2004; 150: 1957 – 1964.
97. Purdy D, Buswell CM, Hodgson AE, McAlpine K, Henderson I, Leach SA. Characterisation of cytolethel distending toxin mutants (CDT) Campylobacter jejuni. Journal of Medical Microbiology 2000; 49: 473 – 479.
98. Hu L, Hickey TE. Campylobacter jejuni Induces Secretion of Proinflammatory Chemokines from Human Intestinal Epithelial Cells. Infection and Immunity 2005; 73: 4437 – 4440.
99. Hickey TE, Baqar SA, Bourgeois L, Ewing CP, Guerry P. Campylobacter jejuni-Stimulated Secretion of Interleukin-8 by INT407 Cells. Infection and Immunity 1999; 67: 88 – 93.
100. Peterson MC. Clinical Aspects of Campylobacter jejuni Infections in Adults. Western Journal Medicine 1994; 161:148-152.
101. Gazaigne L, Legrand P, Renaud B. Campylobacter fetus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical features. European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 2008;
27:185–189.
102. Auterieth IB, Schuster V, Ewald J, Harmsen D, Kreth HW. An Unusual Case of Refractory Campylobacter jejuni Infection in a Patient with X-linked Agammaglubinaemia: Successful Combined Therapy with Maternal Plasma and Ciprofloxacin. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1996;
23: 526-231.
103. Tracz DM, Keelan M, Ahmed-Bantley J, Gibreel A, Owalewska-Groschowska K, Taylor DE.
pVir and Bloody Diarrhea in Campylobacter jejuni Enteritis. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2005;
11: 838-843.
104. Tee W, Mijeh A. Campylobacter jejuni Bactereamia in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)-Infected and Non-HIV-(HIV)-Infected Patients: Comparison of Clinical Features and Review. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998; 26: 91-96.
93
105. Manfred R, Nanetti A, Ferri M, Chiodo F. Fatal Campylobacter jejuni bacteraemia in patients with AIDS. Journal of Medical Microbiology; 1999; 48: 601-603.
106. Yamsheta K, Aoki Y, Hiroshima K. Pyogenic Vertebral Osteomylitis caused by Campylobacter fetus subspecie fetus. A case report. I: Spine 1999; 24(6): 582-584.
107. Gurgan T, K S Diker KS. Abortion associated with Campylobacter upsaliensis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1994; 32(12): 3093–3094.
108. Bourke B, Chan VL, Sherman P. Campylobacter upsaliensis: Waiting in the Wings. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1998; 11: 440-449.
109. Dean J, Kendall P. Food Safety During Pregnancy. Food Safety Series. No 9.372 Colorado State University Cooperative Extension. Available at www.ext.colostate.edu
110. Ichiyama S, Hirai S, Minami T, Nishiyama Y, Shimizu S, Shimokata K, Ohta M. Campylobacter fetus subspecies fetus cellulitis associated with bacteremia in debilitated hosts. Clinical Infectious Diseases 1998; 27: 256-258.
111. Lecuit M, Abachin E, Martin A, Poyart C, Pochart P, Suarez F, Bengoufa D, Feuillard J, Lavergne A, Gordon JI, Berche P, Guillevin L, Lortholary O. Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease Associated with Campylobacter jejuni. New England Journal of Medicine 2004; 350: 239-248.
112. Nachamkin I, Allos B M, Ho T. Campylobacter Species and Guillain-Barré Syndrome. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 1998; 11: 555-567.
113. Rees JH, Soudain SE, Gregso NA, Hughes RAC. Campylobacter jejuni Infection and Guillain–
Barré Syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine 1995; 333: 1374-1379.
114. Smith KE, Besser JM, Hedberg CW, Leano FT, Bender JB, Wicklund JH. Quinolone-Resistant Campylobacter jejuni Infections in Minnesota, 1992–1998. New England Journal of Medicine 1999; 340: 1525-1532.
115. Ternhag A, Törner A, Svensson A, Giesecke J Ekdahl K. Mortality following Campylobacter infection: a registry-based linkage study. BMC Infectious Diseases; 2005, 5:70.
94
116. Goosens H, Butzler J-P. Isolation and Identification of Campylobacter spp. In: Campylobacter jejuni Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin, I, Blaser, M J, Tompkins L S(eds) ASM.
Washington. D.C 1992; pp 93 –109.
117. Ho DD, Ault MJ, Murata GH. Campylobacter enteritis: early diagnosis with Gram’s stain.
Archives of Internal Medicine 1982; 142: 1858 – 1860.
118. Wang H, Murdoch DR. Detection of Campylobacter species in faecal samples by direct Gram stain microscopy. Pathology 2004; 36(4): 343 – 344.
119. Mshana SE, Joloba ML, Kakooza A, Kuddu-Mulindwa D. Role of microscopic examination of stool specimens in the diagnosis of Campylobacter infection from children with acute diarrhoea in Kampala, Uganda. Tanzania Journal of Health Research 2010; 12(1):100 – 103.
120. Barros-Velázquez J, Jiménez A, Villa TG. Isolation and typing methods for the epidemiologic investigation of thermotolerant campylobacters. International Microbiology 1999: 2: 217–226.
121. Kaijser, B, Megraud, F. Diagnosis of Campylobacter Infections. In: Campylobacter jejuni Current Status and Future Trends. Nachamkin I, Blaser M J, Tompkins LS(eds) ASM.
Washington. D.C. 1992; pp 89–92.
122. Hindiyeh M, Jense S, Hohmann S, Benett H, Edwards C, Aldeen W, Croft A, Daly J, Mottice S, Carroll KC. Rapid Detection of Campylobacter jejuni in Stool Specimens by an Enzyme Immunoassay and Surveillance for Campylobacter upsaliensis in the Greater Salt Lake City Area.
Journal of Clinical Microbiology 2000; 38: 3076-3079.
123. Corry JEL, Post, DE, Colin P, Laisney MJ. Culture media for isolation of campylobacters.
International Journal of Food Microbiology 1995; 26: 43–76.
124. Corry EL, Atabay HI, Forsythe SJ and Mansfield LP. Culture media for the isolation of Campylobacters, Helicobacters and Arcobacters. In: Culture Media for Food Microbiology, J E I, Corry et al.(eds) Elservier Science B.V. 2002;
125. Bolton FJ, Hutchinson DN, Coates D. Blood-free selective medium for isolation of Campylobacter jejuni from feces. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 1984; 19(2): 169–171.