CAPITULO IV ANALISIS SENSORIAL
FISIOLOGIA DE LA LENGUA
Country Dangerous
or unhealthy work Alternatives to dangerous work Night work Time off for prenatal medical examinations
AFRICA
Algeria No obligation Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Angola Prohibition Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Benin Prohibition No alternative No restriction Not provided
Botswana No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Burkina Faso Prohibition (W) Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Burundi No obligation No alternative No restriction Not provided
Cameroon Prohibition (W) Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Cape Verde No protection No alternative No obligation Provided
Central African Republic Prohibition (W) Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Chad No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Comoros Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Congo No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Côte d’Ivoire Prohibition Transfer No restriction Not provided
Democratic Republic
of the Congo Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Djibouti *** *** *** ***
Egypt Prohibition (W) No alternative No restriction Not provided
Equatorial Guinea No obligation No alternative *** Not provided
Eritrea No obligation Transfer Prohibition Paid
Ethiopia Prohibition Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Paid
Gabon No obligation Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition (W) Not provided
Gambia *** *** *** ***
Ghana No protection No alternative No obligation Not provided
Guinea Prohibition (W) Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition (W) Not provided
Guinea-Bissau No obligation (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Paid
Kenya No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Lesotho No protection No alternative No obligation Not provided
Libya Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Madagascar No obligation Transfer No restriction Not provided
Malawi No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Mali Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Mauritania No obligation Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Mauritius Prohibition No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Morocco Prohibition No alternative *** Not provided
Mozambique Prohibition (W) Transfer No obligation Not provided
Namibia No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Niger No protection Transfer No restriction Not provided
Nigeria No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided Contents
Senegal Prohibition No alternative No restriction Not provided
Seychelles No protection Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Sierra Leone *** *** *** ***
Somalia No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
South Africa Prohibition Transfer No obligation Provided
Sudan Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Swaziland No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Tanzania, United
Republic of Prohibition Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Togo No obligation No alternative No restriction Not provided
Tunisia Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Uganda No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Zambia No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Zimbabwe No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
ASIA
Afghanistan Prohibition (W) Transfer Prohibition (W) Not provided
Bangladesh No obligation No alternative No obligation (W) Not provided
Brunei Darussalam No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Cambodia No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
China Prohibition (W) No alternative No obligation ***
Fiji No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Hong Kong (China) *** *** *** ***
India No obligation No alternative No restriction Not provided
Indonesia No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Iran, Islamic Republic of Prohibition (W) Transfer No restriction Not provided
Kiribati No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Korea, Republic of Prohibition Transfer No obligation (W) Paid
Lao People’s Democratic
Republic Prohibition Transfer No restriction Not provided Malaysia No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Mongolia Prohibition (W) Transfer No obligation Not provided
Myanmar No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Nepal No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Pakistan *** No alternative *** ***
Papua New Guinea No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Philippines No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Singapore No protection No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Solomon Islands No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Sri Lanka Prohibition No alternative No obligation (W) Not provided
Thailand No obligation Transfer Prohibition Provided
Vanuatu No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Viet Nam Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave Prohibition Paid
Contents Contents
Australia No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Austria Prohibition Elimination,
Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Paid
Belgium Prohibition *** Prohibition Paid
Bulgaria No obligation Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Paid
Canada No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Channel Islands,
Guernsey *** *** *** ***
Channel Islands, Jersey *** *** *** ***
Cyprus Prohibition Transfer *** Not provided
Czech Republic Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer No restriction Not provided
Denmark No protection Adaptation, Transfer No restriction Paid
Estonia Prohibition Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Finland No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Paid
France Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave Prohibition Paid
Germany Prohibition No alternative Prohibition Paid
Greece *** *** *** ***
Hungary No obligation Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Provided
Iceland No protection Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
No restriction Not provided
Isle of Man *** *** *** ***
Ireland Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave Prohibition Paid
Israel No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No obligation (W) Provided
Italy Prohibition (W) Elimination, Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Paid
Japan No obligation Transfer No obligation Provided
Latvia Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Provided
Lithuania Prohibition Elimination, Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
No obligation Paid
Luxembourg Prohibition Elimination, Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Paid
Malta Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave No obligation Paid
Monaco *** *** *** ***
Netherlands No obligation Elimination, Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
No obligation Paid
New Zealand No protection Transfer No restriction Unpaid
Norway No protection Transfer No restriction Paid
Poland *** *** *** ***
Portugal No obligation Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave No obligation Paid
Romania No protection Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
Prohibition Paid Contents
Slovenia Prohibition Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Not provided
Spain No obligation Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave No obligation Paid
Sweden No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Switzerland Prohibition Adaptation, Transfer,
Extra leave Prohibition Not provided
United Kingdom No obligation Elimination,
Adaptation, Extra leave
Prohibition Provided
United States No protection Adaptation, Transfer, Extra leave
No restriction Not provided
EASTERN EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA
Albania Prohibition No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Armenia Prohibition Elimination,
Adaptation, Transfer No obligation Paid
Azerbaijan Prohibition (W) Transfer Prohibition Paid
Belarus No obligation Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Bosnia and Herzegovina No protection Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Not provided
Croatia No obligation Transfer No obligation Not provided
Georgia *** *** *** ***
Kazakhstan Prohibition (W) Transfer *** Not provided
Kyrgyzstan *** *** *** ***
Moldova, Republic of Prohibition (W) Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Not provided
Montenegro Prohibition (W) *** *** ***
Russian Federation Prohibition (W) Adaptation, Transfer No obligation Paid
Serbia Prohibition No alternative *** Not provided
Tajikistan Prohibition (W) Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition (W) Not provided
The former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia *** *** *** ***
Turkey No obligation Transfer, Extra leave *** Paid
Turkmenistan *** *** *** ***
Ukraine *** *** *** ***
Uzbekistan Prohibition (W) Transfer, Extra leave Prohibition Not provided
LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN
Antigua and Barbuda No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Argentina Prohibition (W) No alternative No restriction Not provided
Bahamas *** *** *** ***
Barbados Prohibition (W) Prohibition No restriction Not provided
Belize *** No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Bolivia, Plurinational
State of Prohibition (W) Adaptation Prohibition (W) Not provided Brazil No protection Transfer No restriction Provided
British Virgin Islands *** *** *** ***
Chile No obligation Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Colombia No protection No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Costa Rica Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Cuba Prohibition Transfer No restriction Paid
Dominica No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Dominican Republic No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Contents Contents
Grenada No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Guatemala No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Guyana No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Haiti No protection Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Honduras Prohibition No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Jamaica No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Mexico Prohibition No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Nicaragua No protection Transfer Prohibition Paid
Panama Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Paraguay Prohibition Transfer Prohibition Not provided
Peru No obligation Transfer No restriction Not provided
Puerto Rico *** *** *** ***
Saint Kitts and Nevis No protection No alternative No restriction Not provided
Saint Lucia No protection Adaptation No restriction Not provided
Saint Vincent and the
Grenadines *** *** *** ***
Trinidad and Tobago No protection No alternative No restriction Paid
Uruguay No obligation Transfer, Extra leave No restriction Not provided
Venezuela, Bolivarian
Republic of Prohibition Transfer No restriction Not provided
MIDDLE EAST
Bahrain Prohibition No alternative No restriction Not provided
Iraq Prohibition (W) No alternative *** ***
Jordan Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition Not provided
Kuwait Prohibition (W) Prohibition No restriction Not provided
Lebanon Prohibition No alternative No restriction Not provided
Occupied Palestinian
Territory *** *** *** ***
Oman *** *** *** ***
Qatar Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Saudi Arabia Prohibition (W) No alternative *** ***
Syrian Arab Republic Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
United Arab Emirates Prohibition (W) Prohibition Prohibition (W) Not provided
Yemen Prohibition (W) No alternative Prohibition (W) Not provided
Source: ILO Working Conditions Laws Database – Maternity Protection. Available at: http://www.ilo.org/travdatabase [5 Apr. 2014].
Contents Contents
Methodological notes
Dangerous or unhealthy work
– NO OBLIGATION = pregnant or breastfeeding workers cannot be obliged to perform dangerous or unhealthy work.
– NO OBLIGATION (W) = all women cannot be obliged to perform dangerous or unhealthy work.
– PROHIBITION = pregnant or breastfeeding workers are prohibited from performing dangerous or unhealthy work.
– PROHIBITION (W) = all women are prohibited from performing dangerous or unhealthy work.
– NO PROTECTION = there are no legal measures to protect the safety and health of pregnant or breastfeeding workers.
– *** = information is not available or could not be identified. Health protection – Maternity Protection Convention, 2000 (No. 183), Article 3:
Each Member shall, after consulting the representative organizations of employers and workers, adopt appro- priate measures to ensure that pregnant or breast- feeding women are not obliged to perform work which has been determined by the competent authority to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child, or where an assessment has established a significant risk to the mother’s health or that of her child.
Paragraph 6(3) of the Maternity Protection Recommenda- tion, 2000 (No. 191) defines work prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child as it follows:
(a) arduous work involving the manual lifting, car- rying, pushing or pulling of loads;
(b) work involving exposure to biological, chemical or physical agents which represent a reproductive health hazard;
(c) work requiring special equilibrium;
(d) work involving physical strain due to prolonged periods of sitting or standing, to extreme temper- atures, or to vibration.
This indicator establishes whether the legislation includes any provision to protect pregnant or breastfeeding workers from dangerous or unhealthy work. It distinguishes between “NO OBLIGATION”, namely the worker’s right not to be obliged to perform dangerous work, and “PROHIB- ITION”, namely the statutory interdiction to prevent preg- nant or breastfeeding from performing dangerous work. The indicator refers to general non-obligation/prohibition of dangerous or unhealthy work as well as to non-obligation/
prohibition which is limited to specific tasks or condi- tions (for example, working with chemicals, certain loads, etc.). For details, see the ILO Working Conditions Laws Database. In some cases, the legislation forbids hazardous or unhealthy work for all women, with or without special measures for pregnant or breastfeeding workers. These instances are marked by (W).
Alternatives to dangerous work
– ELIMINATION = where dangerous or unhealthy work or a risk has been identified, the hazard/risk should be eliminated.
– ADAPTATION = in case of hazard or risk, pregnant or breastfeeding workers’ conditions of work should be adapted in order to prevent hazard or risk exposure. – TRANSFER = in case of hazard or risk, pregnant or
breastfeeding workers should be transferred to a post that does not entail hazard or risk exposure.
– EXTRA LEAVE = in case of hazard or risk, pregnant or breastfeeding workers should be entitled to additional leave.
– NO ALTERNATIVE = the law does not provide for alternatives to dangerous or unhealthy work.
– *** = information is not available, could not be identified or is not applicable.
Health protection – Paragraph 6(2) of Recommendation No. 191:
In any of the situations [in which work has been deter- mined by the competent authority to be prejudicial to the health of the mother or the child] or where a sig- nificant risk has been identified […], measures should be taken to provide, on the basis of a medical certificate as appropriate, an alternative to such work in the form of (a) elimination of risk;
(b) an adaptation of her conditions of work;
(c) a transfer to another post, without loss of pay, when such an adaptation is not feasible; or
(d) paid leave, in accordance with national laws, regula- tions or practice, when such a transfer is not feasible. This indicator assesses the extent to which the legislation entitles pregnant or breastfeeding workers to any of the above alternative measures to dangerous or unhealthy work. All the statutory alternative measures for which informa- tion was available or could be identified are reported for each country. In cases where the worker is entitled to extra leave, the indicator does not specify whether this additional leave is paid, counted as sick leave, paid by the employer or social security or unpaid. For more information, see the ILO Working Conditions Laws Database.
Contents Contents
Night work
– NO OBLIGATION = pregnant or breastfeeding workers cannot be obliged to do night work.
– NO OBLIGATION (W) = all women cannot be obliged to do night work.
– PROHIBITION = pregnant or breastfeeding workers are prohibited from doing night work.
– PROHIBITION (W) = all women are prohibited from doing night work.
– NO RESTRICTION = there are no legal provisions to limit night work.
– *** = information is not available, could not be identified or is not applicable.
Health protection – Paragraph 6(4) of Recommendation No. 191:
A pregnant or nursing woman should not be obliged to do night work if a medical certificate declares such work to be incompatible with her pregnancy or nursing. This indicator determines whether the legislation includes any provision to limit night work (defined according to national legislation) by pregnant or breastfeeding workers. It distinguishes between “NO OBLIGATION”, namely the worker’s right not to be obliged to do night work, and “PRO- HIBITION”, namely the statutory interdiction to prevent pregnant or breastfeeding from doing night work. In some cases, the legislation forbids night work to all women, irre- spective of their pregnancy or nursing status. These instances are marked by (W).
Time off for prenatal medical examinations
– PAID = women are entitled to time off from work with pay to attend prenatal medical examinations.
– UNPAID = women are entitled to time off from work without pay to attend prenatal medical examinations. – PROVIDED = women are entitled to time off from work
to attend prenatal medical examinations, but the law does not specify whether this time off is paid.
– NOT PROVIDED = the legislation does not provide for paid or unpaid time off to attend prenatal medical examinations.
– *** = information is not available, could not be identified or is not applicable.
Health protection – Paragraph 6(6) of Recommendation No. 191:
A woman should be allowed to leave her workplace, if necessary, after notifying her employer, for the purpose of undergoing medical examinations relating to her pregnancy.
This indicator assesses whether the legislation provides preg- nant workers with time off to attend antenatal health care visits and whether this time off is paid.
Contents Contents
at ern ity at w ork Ap pe nd ice s (1994) (2013) (1994) (2013) AFRICA
Algeria Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Angola Paid Paid 18 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Benin Unpaid Unpaid 15 18.5 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Botswana Paid Paid 6 6 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Burkina Faso Paid Paid 15 16.5 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 90 90 Not provided Not provided 1
Burundi Paid Paid 6 6 Not specified 1 Not specified 60 50 60 Not provided Not provided
Cameroon Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 50 FW 50FW
Cape Verde *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Central African
Republic Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 50 FW 50FW
Chad Paid Paid 15 15 2 Not specified 30 Not specified 60 60 50 FW Not provided
Comoros Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Congo Unpaid Paid 15 15 2 2 30 30 60 60 50 FW Not provided
Côte d’Ivoire Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 25 FW Not provided
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Paid Paid Not specified Not specified 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Djibouti Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Egypt Paid Paid 18 24 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided 100FW
Equatorial
Guinea Paid Paid Not specified Not specified 3 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Eritrea *** Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided
Ethiopia Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Gabon Unpaid Paid 17 12 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 120 120 50FW Not provided
Contents Contents
A pp en dix V II M at ern ity a nd p at ern ity at w ork 18 3
Guinea Unpaid Unpaid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Guinea-Bissau Unpaid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Kenya Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Lesotho Paid Paid 7 6 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Libya Paid Paid 18 18 2 Not specified 30 Not specified 60 60 Not provided Women 2
Madagascar Paid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 25FW 25FW
Malawi *** Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided
Mali Paid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Mauritania Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified 2 Not specified Not specified 60 60 100FW Not provided
Mauritius Paid Paid *** 6 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Morocco Unpaid Paid 12 14 2 2 30 30 60 60 50FW 50W
Mozambique Paid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Namibia Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Niger Unpaid Unpaid 12 12 2 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 25FW 25FW
Nigeria Unpaid Paid Not specified Not specified 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Rwanda Unpaid Paid *** 12 2 Not specified 30 Not specified 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Sao Tome
and Principe Paid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Senegal Unpaid Paid 15 15 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Seychelles Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Sierra Leone *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Somalia Paid Paid 12 12 2 2 60 60 120 120 Not provided Not provided
South Africa Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Sudan Not provided Paid or
reduction
*** 12 *** 2 *** 30 *** 60 Not provided Not provided
Swaziland *** Paid *** 3 *** Not specified *** 60 *** 60 *** Not provided
Contents Contents
at ern ity at w ork Ap pe nd ice s
Tunisia Paid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 50FW 50FW
Uganda Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Zambia Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided Not provided
Zimbabwe Unpaid Paid 6 Not specified 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Not provided
ASIA
Afghanistan Paid Paid Not specified Not specified Every
3 hours
Every 3 hours
20 30 40 60 Not provided All
Bangladesh Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided 40W
Brunei
Darussalam *** Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided
Cambodia Unpaid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided 100FW
China Paid or
reduction
Paid *** 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided Women 3
Fiji *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
Hong Kong
(China) *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** ***
India Paid Paid 15 15 2 2 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Not provided 60FW
Indonesia Unpaid Unpaid Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified *** Not provided All
Iran, Islamic
Republic of Paid Paid 24 24 Every 3 hours Every 3 hours 30 30 60 60 Not provided Children
4
Kiribati *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided
Korea,
Republic of Unpaid Paid 12 12 2 2 30 30 60 60 Not provided All
Lao People’s Democratic Republic
Unpaid Paid 12 12 Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 60 60 Not provided Not provided
Malaysia Not provided Not provided *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** *** Not provided
Mongolia Unpaid Paid 12 6 Not specified Not specified Not specified Not specified 60 120 Not provided Not provided