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The flow of resources to developing countries has risen over the past thirty

years from 4.6 US billion dollars in 1960 to 75.2 US$ billions in 19936. Figures for

Current prices.

net official flows from 1960 to 1993 are presented in table 2.3.1. alongside their

percentage composition. It can be noticed that bilateral aid has consistently

represented the greatest proportion of total net resources although its relative weight

has been decreasing from a high 95% in 1960 to the 61.2% figure of 1993. The

second important component is multilateral aid which has dramatically increased its

relative weight from a modest 4% in 1960 to 31.2% in 1993. Peaks in multilateral aid

giving were experienced during the 1980’s, at the expenses of bilateral aid. As for the

last component, official private grants, which do not include private foreign

investments, their share on total flows has been relatively stable, ranging between

9.2% in 1970 and 6.2% in 1985.

Table 2.3.1. Total Net Official Flows" to All Developing Countries. (Billion US$).

Bilateral Aid % of Total Multilateral Aid % of Total Private Grants % of Total Total 1960 4.4 95.6 0.3 4.4 n.a. n.a. 4.6 1965 6.0 88.8 0.9 11.2 n.a. n.a. 6.8 1970 7.1 72.4 1.8 18.4 0.9 9.2 9.8 1975 11.9 60.7 6.4 32.6 1.3 6.7 19.6 1980 21.7 59.1 12.6 34.3 2.4 6.6 36.7 1985 28.1 59.8 16.0 34.0 2.9 6.2 47.0 1990 46.0 61.5 23.7 31.7 5.1 6.8 74.8 1991 46.7 62.3 22.9 30.5 5.4 7.2 75.0 1992 49.4 64.6 21.1 27.6 6.0 7.8 76.5 1993 46.0 61.2 23.5 31.2 5.7 7.6 75.2

Source: OECD, DAC Development Cooperation Annual Review, various issues,

a: Include ODA and Other Official Development Flows.

Recent trends in the regional and income distribution of ODA flows are

reported in table 2.3.2. for the early 1990’s. Over the period 1990-1994, Asia and

received around one third of total ODA to all developing countries. North Africa and

the Middle East, on the contrary, have experienced a steady decline in the absolute

and relative amount of ODA obtained. The 1990 figure of 13.4 billion US $ fell to

8.3 billion US $ in 1994, alongside an even more marked decline in their share on

total ODA (from 23.5% in 1990 to 14.2% in 1994). America, Europe and Oceania’s

receipts never exceeded 10.4 billion US $ (1993 figure) and their ratio has ranged

between 14.3% in 1990 and the 1993 peak of 20%, without dramatic or clear trends.

The figures for income group distribution between 1991 and 1994 are relatively

stable in both absolute and relative terms. As expected the biggest share of ODA

goes to Low Income Countries.

Table 2.3.2 Total Net Receipts of ODA by Region and Income Group 1990-94. (Billion US $)

Billions US Dollars % o f Total ODA Region Countries 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 Asia 18.1 20.3 19.7 17.6 20.9 31.7 34.0 34.4 33.7 35.9

Sub-Saharan Africa 17.4 17.7 19.1 17.4 18.9 30.5 29.6 33.3 33.3 32.5

North Africa

and Middle East _{13.4 12.1 9.1 6.8 8.3 23.5 20.3 15.9 13.0 14.2} America 5.3 6.0 5.6 5.6 6.1 9.3 10.0 9.8 10.7 10.5

Europe and Oceania 2.8 3.6 3.8 4.8 4.0 5.0 6.1 6.6 9.3 6.9

Total 57.0 59.7 57.3 52.2 58.2 100 100 100 100 100

LICs* 33.9 33.6 29.2 32.2 56.9 58.6 55.9 55.3

of which LLDCs* 16.0 16.6 15.1 16.2 26.8 29.0 28.9 27.8

LMICs* 13.7 13.6 14.0 15.0 22.9 23.7 26.8 25.7

UMICs* 2.3 1.8 2.4 2.3 3.8 3.1 4.6 3.9

Source: OECD, DAC Development Cooperation Annual Review, various issues.

a: LICs: Low Income Countries; LLDCs: Least Less Developed Countries; LMICs: Lower Middle Income Countries; UMICs; Upper Middle Income Countries.

Table 2.3.3. offers additional information on the regional distribution and the

annual real change of net ODA receipts over the past decade and provides figures for

the 1994 regional shares of population on total less developed countries population.

It is worth noting the high proportion of ODA given to Sub-Saharan Africa relative to

its population share (12%). The same can be said of North Africa and the Middle

East. Latin America exhibit a stable trend: its share of total ODA stayed at a constant

11%, which is also comparable to its population share (10.6% in 1994). The overall

real growth of ODA of .5% between 1984 and 1994 masks opposite regional trends.

Most notably, real ODA, to Southern Europe grew at a yearly 10.9%, due to rising

aid flows to the war devastated Balkan area. On the other extreme, ODA receipts for

North Africa and the Middle East steadily declined at an annual average rate of 4.2%

between 1984 and 1994, as shown in the final column.

Table 2.3.3. Total Net Receipts of ODA, Share in Total Population and ODA Annual Real Change by Region 1983-94 (Selected Years. Percentages).

% of Total ODA Share in Total Population (%) ODA Receipts Annual Real % Change 1983-84 1988-89 1993-94 1994 1984-94 Sub-Saharan Africa 30.8 39.4 36.6 12.0 2.1 Asia 29.5 32.7 30.2 69.5 1.1 Oceania 3.4 3.3 2.8 0.1 -0.6

North Africa and

Middle East _{23.5 12.4 14.0} 5.7 -4.2

Latin America 11.0 11.2 11.0 10.6 0.1

Southern Europe 1.8 1.1 5.3 2.1 10.9

Total 100 100 100 100 0.5

As for Indonesia, graph 2.3.1 and 2.3.2 illustrate the trends in aid inflows for

the 1960-93 period. Total aid inflows are here disaggregated by nature into loans and

grants and are shown in current dollar values and as percentage of GDP. Prior to

1965, flows were very low, as mentioned in the overview of the Indonesian economy

(in particular, see section 1.3). A sudden increase followed the stabilisation period of

the New Order government to help reconstruct the economy. Looking at aid ratios to

GDP, a peak o f over 6% was reached in 1971. During the oil boom the relative

weight of aid steadily declined only to reverse the trend in the mid-1980’s. Aid

inflows increased sharply both in absolute and relative terms between 1985 and 1989.

Since then, flows have been fluctuating but still large. Loans have constantly

outweighed grants, except in the 1984-86. Although the relative weight of grants on

total aid inflows has been rising over the whole period, during the past decade, loans

have increased more rapidly than grants.

Graph 2.3.1. Total Aid, Grants and Loans to Indonesia 1960-93. (Million US$)

Total Aid: --- G r a n t s ---Loans

Source: OECD, Geographical Distribution o f Financial Flows to Developing Countries, various issues.

Graph 2.3.2. Indonesia: Total Aid, Grants and Loans Ratios to GDP 1960-93. (Percentages)

Total A id :--- Grants: — L o a n s :---

Source: IMF, International Financial Statistics, various issues and OECD, Geographical Distribution o f Financial Flows to Developing Countries, various issues.