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9.7.1 Principles of spill containment

Measures must be put in place to control the risks arising from the spill or leak of dangerous goods (OHS Regulation clause 174y). See also section 8.8.2 in relation to applying this as an engineering control, in terms of the hierarchy of control.

The dangerous goods that have been spilled or leaked must be contained safely within the premises so far as is reasonably practicable.

Containment should be considered for any location where dangerous goods are stored or handled. All spills or leaks should be contained within a limited area and within the premises – risks to adjacent premises or public places should be eliminated. Any area or receptacle designed to contain goods spilt from a tank must not be shared with spill containment for substances that are not compatible.

In the event of a spill or leak of dangerous goods, the occupier must ensure that the following actions are taken:

• any risk associated with the spill or leak is immediately reduced as far as reasonably practicable

• the dangerous goods and any resulting effluent are cleaned up and disposed of or otherwise made safe, as soon as reasonably possible.

9.7.2 Extent of containment

Factors that will determine the extent of measures needed for spill containment include the following:

• for a liquid, whether it is mobile or viscous

• for a solid, whether it will melt in a fire or dissolve in firewater

• the quantity of the dangerous goods and the need to contain the size of the largest container or largest spill possible

• the consequences of a spill

• the need to contain or manage firewater (or other extinguishing materials) resulting from an incident

• compatibility with other goods that could be spilt • the need to avoid containing excessive rainwater.

9.7.3 Design

Consider applying the following options for spill containment for liquids: • providing drains to a purpose built on-site catchment, such as an

interceptor or remote impounding basin

• grading the surface so that all spills are contained by the contours • bunding the area to form a compound (see section 9.7.4 below) • using double walled containers

The risks associated with the operation of the containment system should be considered at the design stage and included in the risk assessment. For example, a high bund wall around a package store would usually necessitate long or steep ramps being provided for forklift trucks. Such ramps can cause load instability, so another method of spill control may be more appropriate. For bunded stores, gently sloping floors away from entries may avoid the need for ramps. However, such slopes need to be minimised to avoid instability of materials handling equipment (eg forklifts) when placing loads in high-rise stacking (see also 9.7.5 – draining into sumps and tanks). Check the following factors to ensure the effectiveness of the containment method:

• the spill containment system is sufficiently impervious, and can hold the dangerous goods until the spill is cleaned up

• the materials used in construction (or for absorption) are compatible with the dangerous goods and appropriate to avoid contamination of ground water or soil

• spill containment areas are separated where the goods are not

compatible or where the spread of the dangerous goods increases risks • the capacity of any compound is sufficient for the volume of liquid to be

contained (including a margin for firewater and rainwater) • any bund wall or barrier should be high enough to catch all leaks • absorbent materials, barriers and booms are provided where needed to

contain a spill outside the areas where physical containment is provided or to assist clean up

• contaminated firewater can be removed during an incident if needed • means are available for removing any rainwater that may accumulate in

the area or compound when necessary.

If the design and location of the spill containment system may affect emergency services such as the fire brigade, consult with the emergency services authority.

9.7.4 Bunding

A bund is an embankment or wall, which may form part of the perimeter of a compound, designed to contain spills of liquids. both the bund and the compound floor must be sufficiently impervious to retain spillage or leakage. bunding has the advantage that it can be retrofitted to existing buildings and installations.

For package stores and the transfer of dangerous goods, portable (ie self- contained) bunds may be suitable as additional containment. Plastic is an unsuitable material for a portable bund since it can melt in a fire, and may be chemically incompatible.

bunding is a suitable method for above ground bulk storage installations. Where flammable goods are stored, hazardous areas may need to be determined (see section 9.8).

Suitable material for bund walls include the following:

• concrete kerbing, preferably reinforced and integrally constructed with the flooring. If separate, it must be firmly anchored or adhered, sealed and able to withstand any traffic damage

• brick or concrete block walls are only appropriate where they are protected from damage by material handling operations, such as forklift traffic • steel angles or other sections firmly anchored to the floor and sealed

(usually with a silicone based sealant).

Temporary bund materials include the following alternatives: • raised earthen walls, preferably with an impervious membrane,

unless contingency plans are in place for the recovery or disposal of contaminated earth after a spill

• bags of sand or other compatible material.

bunds in unroofed areas should be provided with additional capacity to hold rainwater and run off, with a system for the removal of the rainwater. Rainwater should not be allowed to accumulate. bund valves should not be left open to permanently drain rainwater. If water is to be pumped out, do not use a petrol powered pump inside a bund of a flammable liquid tank – to avoid an ignition source, use a pneumatically driven pump. Electric or engine driven pumps should not be used inside a bund or associated hazardous area without a hot work permit.

The height of the bund wall needs to include allowance for liquid squirting from a tank, or the highest package, not just leaks at ground level. The closer the wall to the tank or packages, the higher the wall needs to be. Spillage deflectors such as shields or double skinned tanks could also be used, if high enough to capture a leak from the top of the tank.

The need for easy egress from the bunded area should be considered, especially in an emergency – eg stairs if the bund is higher than 1 m. Ensure rubbish does not accumulate inside the bund – eg remove dead trees and shrubs. brush cutters and lawn mowers are potential ignition sources and should not be used near flammable liquid or gas tanks, especially during transfer. A hot work permit system may be necessary. bund areas may require individual hazardous area zoning assessment. There may be circumstances where a bunded area may also be a confined space, for example if the bund walls are high or the tank is in a pit, and special procedures are necessary if workers enter this space.

9.7.5 Draining into sumps and tanks

draining spilled liquids to an underground sump or tank, or to an external pit, avoids the access problems associated with bunds. However, the drain network, pit, tank or sump themselves become a potential source of hazards. Possible incompatibility of goods drained to the sump should be included in the risk assessment. design needs to be to a suitable standard. underground or covered sumps or pits should be designed to the standards for underground tanks. Generally, each such containment system should be exclusively for the effluent from one store or work area, unless all the dangerous goods or combustible liquids are compatible and effective provision is made to prevent flashback through drain pipes.

Since such systems are usually out of sight, controls are needed to ensure they are fully available for use when required. These systems should be prevented from collecting rainwater.

9.7.6 Further advice

Further advice on spill containment is provided in the Australian Standards listed in section 1.7 relevant to the storage and handling of each class.