4.1.1.6 REGLAMENTO INTERNO Y OTRAS REGULACIONES
FORMACIÓN DE LOS ESTUDIANTES.
119 CHAPTER SIX
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS 6.1 Introduction
This chapter presents the analysis of housing characteristics and socio-demographic characteristics of the representative samples across the three residential density areas in Lagos State. Apart from the socio-demographic variables description, analyses of hedonic results are also presented for full sample and high, medium and low residential density areas.
The essence of the hedonic pricing approach is to show the qualities of housing structure that are implicitly embedded in the house rents people normally pay for. A section of the chapter also presents results of the multinomial logit models approach employed.
120 Walling Materials
The cross-tabulation between various types of housing and major materials for the construction of wall revealed that there is an increasing trend in the usage of cement walls in Lagos state. This varies from one housing type to another with not so much difference except for squatters‘ settlement with a least mean value of 0.648. Mud wall is also a prevalent form of walling materials used in the construction of houses after cement as shown in each of housing types. The mean value of each of them is as follows: single-household house (0.018),multi-household house(0.032),flat in a block of flats (0.004),duplex (0.011),room in main building(0.157), and those in ‗other category‘ (0.031) but this appears more prominent in multi-household houses. Houses made of stone wall, burnt bricks and card wall are not popular forms of walling materials used for houses most especially in Lagos as depicted on Table 6.1. A marked decline in the use of these walling materials which could be regarded as
‗ traditional materials‘ show the level of sophistication that has been attained in the housing construction. In spite of this sophistication in housing, we still observed some pockets of wood and bamboo across the various type of housing but more pronounced where squatters‘
settlements are found. This is not unexpected given the nature of the settlement of the land occupiers that are acquired illegally and in an unauthorised manner. What is clear from the above is that associating the number of housing units constructed with ‗modern materials (like cement)‘, with type of housing, we observe a marked increasing trend in Lagos metropolis.
Flooring Materials
With regard to type of housing and flooring materials, the use of cement floor appears to be the most common and is the bulk of flooring materials housing builders normally use. This is directly followed by earth/mud but at a much wider gap. The mean value of cement floor in Lagos State is 0.981 while that of earth/mud, wood/tiles, plank are 0.014, 0.003 and 0.001 respectively. The rate of usage of cement floor in each of the identified housing types is substantial given their mean values of 0.985 for single-household houses and 0.985, 0.983, 0.974, 0.985 and 0.789 for multi-household houses, flats, room in main building and squatters‘ settlement. The use of earth/mud is more fashionable among the squatters‘
settlements as can be observed from the Table where the mean value is 0.211 with least usage of it being observed in flats with the mean value of 0.004. Just like the case of walling materials, cement remains important housing material used in house flooring in Lagos state.
121
Table 6.1a: Housing Quality Cross-Classified by Residential Housing Choice
Single Household House
Multi-Household House
Flats in a Block of flats
Duplex Room in Main Dwelling
Squatter Settlements
Others Total
Roofing Materials
Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean
Mud_roof 0.006
(0.078)
0.012 (0.109)
0.004 (0.065)
0.000 (0.000)
0.007 (0.085)
0.000 (0.000)
0.023 (0.151)
0.009 (0.095) Thatch_roof 0.000
(0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.155 (0.364)
0.008 (0.089)
0.002 (0.045) Wood_roof 0.009
(0.095)
0.001 (0.037)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.028 (0.167)
0.047 (0.211)
0.003 (0.050) Corrugated_roof 0.758
(0.429)
0.828 (0.377)
0.636 (0.481)
0.789 (0.409)
0.777 (0.417)
0.747 (0.438)
0.775 (0.419)
0.785 (0.411) Cement_roof 0.051
(0.221)
0.053 (0.225)
0.139 (0.346)
0.079 (0.271)
0.085 (0.280)
0.042 (0.203)
0.008 (0.088)
0.072 (0.258) Tile_roof 0.039
(0.951)
0.013 (0.115)
0.043 (0.204)
0.026 (0.161)
0.009 (0.092)
0.000 (0.000)
0.039 (0.194)
0.018 (0.134)
Asbestos 0.136
(0.343)
0.090 (0.287)
0.178 (0.382)
0.106 (0.308)
0.120 (0.325)
0.028 (0.167)
0.101 (0.302)
0.111 (0.314) Walling Materials
Mud wall 0.018
(0.134)
0.032 (0.176)
0.004 (0.065)
0.011 (0.106)
0.015 (0.123)
0.028 (0.167)
0.031 (0.174)
0.023 (0.149) Stone wall 0.000
(0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000) Burnt bricks 0.000
(0.000)
0.001 (0.026)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.002 (0.045)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.001 (0.029)
Cement 0.967
(0.180)
0.962 (0.191)
0.996 (0.065)
0.977 (0.149)
0.974 (0.159)
0.648 (0.481)
0.915 (0.280)
0.965 (0.183) Wood & Bamboo 0.006
(0.078)
0.003 (0.052)
0.000 (0.000)
0.004 (0.061)
0.002 (0.045)
0.296 (0.460)
0.054 (0.227)
0.007 (0.083) Corrugated 0.009
(0.095)
0.002 (0.045)
0.000 (0.000)
0.008 (0.087)
0.006 (0.077)
0.028 (0.167)
0.000 (0.000)
0.004 (0.060) Card wall 0.000
(0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.001 (0.026)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.013) Flooring Materials
Earth/Mud 0.012 (0.109)
0.012 (0.111)
0.004 (0.065)
0.000 (0.000)
0.012 (0.109)
0.211 (0.411)
0.070 (0.256)
0.014 (0.119) Wood/Tiles 0.003
(0.055)
0.001 (0.032)
0.010 (0.099)
0.026 (0.161)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.003 (0.055)
Plank 0.000
(0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.003 (0.057)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.001 (0.029)
Cement 0.985
(0.122)
0.985 (0.122)
0.983 (0.129)
0.974 (0.161)
0.985 (0.123)
0.789 (0.411)
0.930 (0.256)
0.981 (0.138) Dirt/Straw 0.000
(0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.003 (0.053)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.018)
Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
Note: Standard deviations are in parenthesis
Source of Lighting
This gives important information about quality of houses that may influence the choice of residential housing. Table 6.1b also presents source of lighting types in which electricity appears to be the major source of lighting in Lagos state. For example, lighting from PHCN is
122
the major source of lighting in all the housing types and this is depicted by the mean averages of 0.93, 0.99, 0.99, 1.00, 0.97,0.75 and 0.96 for single-household house, multi-household house, flats, duplex, room in the main building, squatters‘ settlements and those in ‗other category‘. Lighting from Kerosene lamp is another important source of lighting in Lagos as the mean value follows that of PHCN for all the various residential housing choice. Candle lighting is another crucial medium of getting lighting as the proportion of housing units using it appear significant just like that of kerosene lamp. The usage of which, are more pronounced in a single household house and squatters‘ settlements. The least source of lighting are those coming from gas, wood/coal and other lighting sources as can be observed from the Table 6.1 results.
Toilet Facilities
This presents another important housing quality that characterises housing market in Lagos state. A standard toilet is that which the United Nations Principles and Recommendations for housing census defines as an installation for the disposal of human excreta and a flush toilet as an installation connected with pipe water arranged for humans to discharge their wastes and from which the wastes are flushed with water (UN, 1969). Generally speaking, flush to septic tank toilet is the most commonly found type of toilet facilities in the housing units in Lagos with mean value of 0.31, and this is directly followed by covered pit latrine toilet with a mean of 0.21. Flush to pipe and pits have the mean values of 0.16 and 0.15 respectively.
Composting type of toilet and toilet by pail are no longer reigning in the Lagos housing market unlike what was obtainable about three decades ago. Majority of flats in Lagos are using either flush to pipe or flush to septic tank toilets as indicated by the mean values of 0.37 and 0.50 whereas in a duplex flush to pipe is the type of toilet facility that is reigning as compared to flush to septic tanks. No toilet condition is found more in squatters‘ settlements as shown by the mean value of 0.27 but this situation is non- existent in either a flat or duplex as their means are zeros.
123
Table 6.1b: Housing Quality Cross-Classified by Residential Housing Choice
Single Household House
Multi-Household House
Flats in a Block of flats
Duplex Room in Main Dwelling
Squatter Settlements
Others Total
Source of Lighting
PHCN 0.93
(0.260)
0.99 (0.108)
0.99 (0.075)
1.00 (0.000)
0.97 (0.179)
0.75 (0.438)
0.96 (0.194)
0.98 (0.149) Generator 0.03
(0.172)
0.03 (0.166)
0.10 (0.299)
0.04 (0.192)
0.03 (0.175)
0.01 (0.119)
0.07 (0.256)
0.04 (0.193) illegal 0.00
(0.000)
0.00 (0.026)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.036)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.026) Candle 0.23
(0.422)
0.14 (0.349)
0.10 (0.229)
0.06 (0.239)
0.15 (0.356)
0.18 (0.390)
0.15 (0.356)
0.14 (0.348) Battery 0.06
(0.239)
0.03 (0.182)
0.02 (0.134)
0.04 (0.200)
0.03 (0.177)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.088)
0.03 (0.178)
Gas 0.02
(0.122)
0.01 (0.082)
0.01 (0.099)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.057)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.078) Kerosene 0.30
(0.457)
0.17 (0.307)
0.10 (0.307)
0.11 (0.313)
0.21 (0.406)
0.34 (0.476)
0.12 (0.322)
0.18 (0.383) Wood/Coal 0.02
(0.154)
0.01 (0.078)
0.00 (0.037)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.077)
0.06 (0.232)
0.02 (0.151)
0.01 (0.084) Otherligting 0.01
(0.095)
0.00 (0.037)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.02 (0.133)
0.01 (0.119)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.076) Toilet Facilities
Flushpipe 0.12 (0.326)
0.13 (0.334)
0.37 (0.484)
0.47 (0.500)
0.08 (0.274)
0.14 (0.350)
0.16 (0.363)
0.16 (0.368) Flushseptic 0.31
(0.462)
0.32 (0.466)
0.50 (0.500)
0.30 (0.461)
0.23 (0.420)
0.07 (0.258)
0.33 (0.473)
0.31 (0.464) Flushpit 0.12
(0.323)
0.19 (0.393)
0.07 (0.255)
0.13 (0.331)
0.14 (0.343)
0.01 (0.119)
0.09 (0.292)
0.15 (0.358) Flushanywh 0.00
(0.000)
0.00 (0.048)
0.00 (0.037)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.092)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.088)
0.00 (0.060) Composting 0.00
(0.000)
0.00 (0.026)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.018) Vip_pit 0.04
(0.195)
0.08 (0.278)
0.01 (0.075)
0.06 (0.246)
0.08 (0274)
0.03 (0.167)
0.05 (0.211)
0.07 (0.254) Cover_pit 0.15
(0.353)
0.20 (0.402)
0.04 (0.194)
0.03 (0.172)
0.35 (0.476)
0.44 (0.499)
0.25 (0.434)
0.21 (0.409) Uncovered_pit 0.07
(0.260)
0.05 (0.212)
0.01 (0.083)
0.01 (0.087)
0.06 (0.234)
0.04 (0.203)
0.05 (0.211)
0.04 (0.207)
Pail 0.00
(0.000)
0.00 (0.026)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.106)
0.00 (0.051)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.039) Hanging 0.08
(0.279)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.065)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.114)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.01 (0.092) Notoilet 0.13
(0.337)
0.03 (0.173)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.05 (0.216)
0.27 (0.446)
0.07 (0.256)
0.04 (0.195) Othertoilet 0.01
(0.078)
0.00 (0.048)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.026)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.000)
0.00 (0.041)
Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
Note: Standard deviations are in parenthesis
Type of Water Source
This also counts so much in the choice of residential housing as various types of which could determine how much is to be paid of an accommodation. Protected water supply for the total
124
population is of great importance for sanitary purpose, for the protection of communicable diseases and for the general safety of the population. The most effective means of protecting water from pollution and to ensure its purity is supplying it through pipes. This may hold true provided the water supply system is effectively administered (UN 1969). Moreover, the availability of organoleptic standard tap piped water is an essential indicator of the hygienic- sanitary level, and of access to utilities which are now considered an indispensable part of urban life. The Table 6.1c depicts that water from borehole and well are the most commonly found water source in Lagos as their overall mean values 0.444 and 0.178 are higher than any other source of water. This is true for all housing types except for flats and duplexes where pipe borne water had the higher mean values of 0.366 and 0.442 over that of water from the boreholes. The provision of which could attract more value to the house, most especially, in terms of increased house rents. Water from pipe borne and public tap provide important sources of water supply after borehole and well water as revealed from their mean values of 0.152 and 0.117 on the same Table. In some parts of Lagos, water is being supplied by water vendors and this is mostly found among rooms in the main building and squatters‘
settlements. Flats and duplexes could also procure their water by water tankers as shown by average mean of 0.062 and 0.015. What can be deduced from this is that water supply by borehole, well, pipe borne water and public tap serve as major sources of water supply in the Lagos housing market.
Waste Disposal
The means and methods of disposing wastes and refuse determine largely the quality that may likely be attached to the house one is willing to rent or purchase as the case may be. PSP which is a government collection of wastes has the highest mean value 0.424, followed by wastes collected by truck pushers with mean value of 0.391. These methods of waste collection are seen everywhere in Lagos at strategic places unlike what are found in other states of the federation. PSP has highest proportion in terms of waste collection in almost half of the housing units as compared to other forms of waste collection methods while truck pushers dominate the remaining housing units‘ most especially for duplex, room in main building and squatters‘ settlement. It has an average mean ranging from the least of 0.272 for single-household to as high as 0.642 for duplex. There are certain areas of the state where refuse is dumped on the ground mostly at unauthorised places. This is more common in market places, thus suggesting the level of significance of this method of disposing waste in the state. This is clearer from the results on Table 6.1c where the mean value has a lowest of
125
0.011 and highest of 0.296. These ranges of value are more than that of dumping wastes in one‘s compound, government bins and other dumping methods. In sum, PSP and truck pushers are the most popular methods of disposing wastes in Lagos state as suggested by the Table results.
Table 6.1c: Housing Quality Cross-Classified by Residential Housing Choice
Single Household House
Multi-Household House
Flats in a Block of flats
Duplex Room in Main Dwelling
Squatter Settlements
Others Total
Water source
Waterpipe 0.184 (0.388)
0.101 (0.301)
0.366 (0.482)
0.442 (0.498)
0.097 (0.297)
0.056 (0.232)
0.132 (0.340)
0.152 (0.359) Waterpub 0.091
(0.288)
0.149 (0.356)
0.066 (0.248)
0.196 (0.398)
0.083 (0.276)
0.000 (0.000)
0.039 (0.194)
0.117 (0.322) Waterbore 0.417
(0.494)
0.514 (0.500)
0.329 (0.470)
0.170 (0.376)
0.412 (0.492)
0.634 (0.485)
0.357 (0.481)
0.444 (0.497) Waterwell 0.196
(0.398)
0.130 (0.336)
0.116 (0.321)
0.151 (0.359)
0.286 (0.452)
0.183 (0.390)
0.388 (0.489)
0.178 (0.383) Waterspring 0.003
(0.055)
0.004 (0.066)
0.008 (0.091)
0.008 (0.087)
0.005 (0.068)
0.000 (0.000)
0.016 (0.124)
0.005 (0.072) Water_rain 0.006
(0.078)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.002 (0.045)
0.000 (0.000)
0.016 (0.124)
0.001 (0.034) Water_vendor 0.039
(0.195)
0.074 (0.262)
0.048 (0.213)
0.019 (0.136)
0.101 (0.301)
0.085 (0.280)
0.054 (0.227)
0.073 (0.260) Water_tanker 0.009
(0.095)
0.009 (0.093)
0.062 (0.240)
0.015 (0.122)
0.005 (0.073)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.014 (0.118) Water_lake 0.054
(0.227)
0.007 (0.082)
0.001 (0.037)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.042 (0.203)
0.000 (0.000)
0.007 (0.083) Water_others 0.000
(0.000)
0.012 (0.109)
0.004 (0.065)
0.000 (0.000)
0.009 (0.096)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.009 (0.094) Waste
Disposal
PSP 0.396
(0.490)
0.460 (0.498)
0.462 (0.499)
0.309 (0.463)
0.378 (0.485)
0.254 (0.438)
0.333 (0.473)
0.424 (0.494) Dump_ground 0.127
(0.333)
0.117 (0.322)
0.043 (0.204)
0.011 (0.106)
0.138 (0.345)
0.296 (0.460)
0.101 (0.302)
0.111 (0.314) Truck_push 0.272
(0.446)
0.359 (0.480)
0.385 (0.487)
0.642 (0.480)
0.431 (0.495)
0.394 (0.492)
0.481 (0.502)
0.391 (0.488) Compd_dump 0.085
(0.279)
0.041 (0.197)
0.084 (0.277)
0.030 (0.171)
0.017 (0.130)
0.028 (0.167)
0.047 (0.211)
0.042 (0.200) Govt_bin 0.003
(0.055)
0.012 (0.111)
0.008 (0.091)
0.008 (0.091)
0.010 (0.099)
0.000 (0.000)
0.000 (0.000)
0.010 (0.100) Others_dump 0.118
(0.323)
0.010 (0.101)
0.017 (0.129)
0.000 (0.000)
0.026 (0.159)
0.028 (0.167)
0.039 (0.194)
0.021 (0.144)
Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006) Note: Standard deviations are in parenthesis
Over 75% of the housing units in Lagos have corrugated roofs regardless of the residential density areas under consideration. From Table 6.2 it was observed that houses in high residential density areas have the highest corrugated roofing sheets of 83.1 % while low and medium residential density areas have 77.1% and 75% respectively.
126
Table.6.2: Housing Quality Cross-Classified by Residential Density Areas
Variables Low Residential Density Area
Medium Residential Density Area
High Residential Density Area
Total Sample
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation Roofing Materials
Mud roof 0.111 0.105 0.007 0.833 0.010 0.101 0.009 0.953 Thatched
roof
0.009 0.939 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.045
Wood &
bamboo
0.010 0.101 0.001 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.499
Corrugated 0.771 0.420 0.750 0.433 0.831 0.375 0.785 0.411
Cement 0.102 0.303 0.078 0.268 0.046 0.210 0.072 0.258
Tiles 0.006 0.768 0.032 0.175 0.011 0.104 0.018 0.133
Asbestos 0.087 0.282 0.134 0.340 0.100 0.300 0.111 0.314 Walling Materials
Mud wall 0.056 0.229 0.012 0.109 0.014 0.119 0.022 0.148 Stone wall 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 Burnt bricks 0.002 0.038 0.001 0.035 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.029
Cement 0.922 0.269 0.980 0.142 0.977 0.151 0.965 0.183
Wood &
Bamboo
0.018 0.132 0.003 0.050 0.005 0.073 0.007 0.083
Corrugated 0.004 0.061 0.004 0.061 0.004 0.060 0.004 0.060 Card wall 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.203 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.013 Flooring Materials
Earth/Mud 0.030 0.172 0.005 0.070 0.015 0.121 0.014 0.119 Wood/Tiles 0.000 0.000 0.006 0.076 0.002 0.042 0.003 0.055
Plank 0.000 0.000 0.002 0.045 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.029
Cement 0.967 0.178 0.986 0.117 0.983 0.130 0.981 0.138
Dirt/Straw 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.029 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.018
Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
The percentage of those using cement roofs are more in low residential density areas than in the medium and high residential density areas as depicted by mean of 0.102 for low as against that of medium, 0.078 and high, 0.046. Asbestos followed that of corrugated roof in both medium and high, mud roof followed that of low residential density area. In respect of walling and flooring materials, cement remains the highly utilised housing material across the three residential density areas. In fact, over 90% of the housing units constructed made use of these materials. Mud wall is prominently used among low residential density dwellers than both medium and high residential density areas whereas earth mud appears second in terms of flooring materials being used by households after cement . Stone wall, wood and bamboo and mud roofs are becoming out of fashion as shown by their insignificant mean values. The same argument is true for wood/tiles, plank and dirt/straw in the case of flooring materials used on the houses constructed in Lagos state.
127
Table.6.3: Source of Lighting and Toilet Facilities Cross-Classified by Residential Density Areas
Variables Low Residential Density Area
Medium Residential Density Area
High Residential Density Area
Total Sample
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation Source of Lighting
PHCN 0.92 0.268 0.99 0.103 1.00 0.047 0.98 0.149
Generator 0.01 0.105 0.05 0.224 0.04 0.196 0.04 0.193
illegal 0.00 0.027 0.00 0.029 0.00 0.021 0.00 0.026
Candle 0.13 0.332 0.14 0.343 0.15 0.361 0.14 0.348
Battery 0.02 0.140 0.04 0.188 0.04 0.187 0.03 0.178
Gas 0.00 0.061 0.00 0.067 0.01 0.097 0.01 0.078
Kerosene 0.17 0.373 0.17 0.372 0.20 0.400 0.18 0.383
Wood/Coal 0.02 0.140 0.00 0.064 0.00 0.052 0.01 0.084
Otherligting 0.01 0.076 0.00 0.070 0.00 0.042 0.01 0.076 Toilet Facilities
Flushpipe 0.06 0.240 0.23 0.418 0.15 0.358 0.16 0.368
Flushseptic 0.20 0.398 0.38 0.486 0.31 0.462 0.31 0.464
Flushpit 0.17 0.380 0.14 0.349 0.15 0.354 0.15 0.358
Flushanywh 0.01 0.086 0.00 0.064 0.00 0.030 0.00 0.060
Composting 0.00 0.038 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.018
Vip_pit 0.11 0.319 0.05 0.219 0.06 0.242 0.07 0.254
Cover_pit 0.25 0.432 0.13 0.339 0.28 0.449 0.21 0.409
Uncovered_pit 0.05 0.219 0.04 0.184 0.05 0.222 0.04 0.207
Pail 0.00 0.027 0.00 0.035 0.00 0.047 0.00 0.039
Hanging 0.00 0.027 0.02 0.142 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.092
Notoilet 0.15 0.355 0.02 0.124 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.195
Othertoilet 0.01 0.072 0.00 0.035 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.041
Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
From Table 6.3, Light from PHCN is the most commonly used source of lighting in all the residential density areas. It still remains the main source of lighting despite the erratic nature of its supply for both residential and industrial uses. According to Lagos State Survey Reports, about 99% of the households in the state used conventional PHCN (Formerly called NEPA) meter. The usage of other energy such as solar/generator, candles, battery, gas, paraffin/ kerosene and wood is not common in the state. For instance, 4% of the entire sample used generator,14% used candle, 3% used battery, 1% each for gas, wood/coal and other lighting and 18% for kerosene. Kerosene lamp and candle are good substitutes for lighting as reflected by the mean value for each of the residential density area.
The Table 6.3 also depicts clearly that the usage of piped sewer toilets were not as popular among the households in the state as septic tank toilet facilities. 46.4% of the housing units are using flush septic tank toilets, directly followed by covered pit toilet with 40.9% and 36.8% and 35.8% are meant for piped sewer toilets and flush to pit toilets. Usage of pail/bucket, hanging bucket and composting has been totally eradicated as they constituted
128
3.9%, 9.2% and 6% respectively. The Table further reveals that no toilet situation are found in the both low and medium residential density areas as they accounted for 15% and 2%
respectively. Covered pit toilets dominated toilet facilities in low residential density area unlike medium and high residential density area where septic tank toilets constitute the highest proportion of toilet facilities.
Table.6.4: Source of Water Cross-Classified by Residential Density Areas Variables Low Residential
Density Area
Medium Residential Density Area
High Residential Density Area
Total Sample
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation Water source
Waterpipe 0.060 0.237 0.267 0.442 0.081 0.273 0.152 0.359 Waterpub 0.145 0.352 0.116 0.321 0.102 0.302 0.117 0.322 Waterbore 0.330 0.470 0.397 0.489 0.565 0.496 0.444 0.497 Waterwell 0.352 0.478 0.129 0.335 0.127 0.333 0.178 0.383 Waterspring 0.017 0.129 0.003 0.057 0.000 0.00 0.005 0.072 Water_rain 0.004 0.061 0.00 0.020 0.00 0.021 0.001 0.034 Water_vendor 0.047 0.211 0.056 0.229 0.108 0.310 0.073 0.260 Water_tanker 0.003 0.054 0.025 0.155 0.010 0.097 0.014 0.118 Water_lake 0.025 0.157 0.003 0.057 0.00 0.00 0.007 0.083 Water_others 0.018 0.132 0.004 0.064 0.009 0.092 0.009 0.094 Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
Water source is also a very important feature that characterises housing market in Lagos State. Water from borehole and well are the main sources of water supply that people rely on in Lagos as this is clearly reflected on Table,6.4 Precisely 68.2% depended on well and borehole in low residential density areas, 52.6% and 69.2% for medium and high residential density areas. A noticeable difference was observed in source of water supply in the medium residential density area where piped water into dwelling accounted for as much as 26.7% unlike 6% and 8.1% respectively for low and high residential density areas. Spring water is non-existent in high residential density area whereas it accounted for 1.7% and 0.3%
respectively in low and medium residential density areas. About 26% patronised water vendors, a complementary water production and services outfit usually established by private individual and corporate organisations. Further disaggregation reveals that 90% of the households actually patronised both mobile/street vendors and private neighbourhood (Lagos State Survey Reports, 2006). Households rely less on water from rain, spring and lake as their source of water supply.
129
Table.6.5: Method of Waste Disposal Cross-Classified by Residential Density Areas Variables Low Residential
Density Area
Medium Residential Density Area
High Residential Density Area
Total Sample
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation Waste Disposal
PSP 0.111 0.314 0.465 0.499 0.570 0.495 0.424 0.494
Dump_ground 0.358 0.480 0.054 0.226 0.024 0.151 0.111 0.314 Truck_push 0.354 0.478 0.407 0.491 0.397 0.489 0.391 0.488 Compd_dump 0.112 0.315 0.039 0.194 0.002 0.047 0.042 0.200 Govt_bin 0.021 0.143 0.007 0.083 0.007 0.085 0.010 0.100 Others_dump 0.444 0.206 0.028 0.164 0.001 0.021 0.021 0.144 Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
In terms of waste disposal method, PSP remains the major means of disposing wastes and refuse in Lagos as a whole; this is particularly noticeable in both medium and high residential density areas with 46.5%and 57% respectively. Whereas in the low residential density area other forms of dump site appear to be much more important, with PSP accounting for only 11.1%. Also dumping refuses on the ground and using of truck pushers accounted for as large percentage as 71.2% in the low residential density area. By and large, PSP accounted for highest percentage (42.4%) mean of collecting refuses in Lagos State, directly followed by truck pushers with 39.1%.
130
Table.6.6: Distances to Activity Nodes Cross-Classified by Residential Density Areas Variables Low Residential
Density Area
Medium Residential Density Area
High Residential Density Area
Total Sample
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation
Mean Standard Deviation Distance to Employment (mins)
0-14 0.315 0.461 0.327 0.469 0.309 0.462 0.316 0.465 15-29 0.358 0.479 0.239 0.427 0.243 0.429 0.267 0.442 30-44 0.181 0.385 0.222 0.416 0.229 0.420 0.215 0.411 45-59 0.054 0.226 0.081 0.273 0.096 0.295 0.081 0.272 60 and
above
0.103 0.304 0.130 0.337 0.122 0.328 0.121 0.326 Distance to Children’s School (mins)
0-14 0.255 0.436 0.278 0.448 0.286 0.452 0.276 0.447 15-29 0.272 0.445 0.255 0.436 0.258 0.437 0.260 0.438 30-44 0.104 0.305 0.107 0.310 0.107 0.308 0.106 0.308 45-59 0.036 0.185 0.043 0.202 0.042 0.202 0.041 0.198 60 and
above
0.020 0.140 0.022 0.147 0.023 0.150 0.022 0.147 Distance to Public Transport (mins)
0-14 0.721 0.449 0.826 0.379 0.829 0.377 0.803 0.398 15-29 0.178 0.382 0.130 0.336 0.140 0.347 0.144 0.351 30-44 0.057 0.232 0.034 0.181 0.021 0.144 0.034 0.182 45-59 0.022 0.145 0.006 0.078 0.004 0.060 0.009 0.093 60 and
above
0.023 0.150 0.005 0.067 0.006 0.079 0.009 0.096 Distance to Hospital (mins)
0-14 0.328 0.470 0.400 0.490 0.371 0.483 0.373 0.484 15-29 0.331 0.471 0.289 0.454 0.310 0.463 0.306 0.461 30-44 0.127 0.333 0.169 0.375 0.162 0.369 0.157 0.364 45-59 0.083 0.276 0.048 0.214 0.065 0.246 0.062 0.241 60 and
above
0.131 0.338 0.093 0.291 0.092 0.288 0.101 0.302 Distance to Market (mins)
0-14 0.491 0.500 0.529 0.499 0.548 0.498 0.528 0.499 15-29 0.333 0.471 0.303 0.459 0.329 0.470 0.319 0.466 30-44 0.102 0.303 0.108 0.311 0.079 0.269 0.096 0.294 45-59 0.019 0.137 0.023 0.150 0.013 0.112 0.018 0.134 60 and
above
0.055 0.228 0.037 0.189 0.032 0.176 0.039 0.194 Distance to Water Supply (mins)
0-14 0.894 0.308 0.911 0.284 0.901 0.298 0.904 0.295 15-29 0.071 0.257 0.063 0.243 0.068 0.252 0.067 0.249 30-44 0.028 0.165 0.016 0.127 0.013 0.114 0.018 0.132 45-59 0.002 0.047 0.004 0.061 0.002 0.047 0.003 0.053 60 and
above
0.004 0.067 0.005 0.070 0.015 0.121 0.009 0.092 Source: Computed from Lagos State Government Household Survey (2006)
131
The distance to employment, children‘s school, public transport, hospital (health centres), market and water supply, to a greater extent also influence the choice of residential housing choice. From Table 6.6 we observe that the distance ranging from 15 to 29 minutes accounted for about 35.8% and 24.3% for low and high residential density areas while the distance range of 0 to 14minutes is what it took those in medium residential density area to get to their place of employment. Taking a total sample, it is clearly discernable that the distance range of 0 to14minutes accounted for about for 31.6% while that of 15 to 29minutes accounted for 26.7%. Those results are not unexpected given the type of occupation that predominates the residential area. From earlier discussion of results, it was noticed that self-employment is the type of occupation that predominates all the residential density areas. The nature of this job does not require having to travel a long distance but rather situated close to one‘s residential house. They are mostly trekking distances from one‘s house. From Table 6.6 while 27.6% accounted for distance range of 0 to 14minutes, 43.8% accounted for 26% only took about 15 to 24minutes to cover. It is interesting however to observe that the distance coverage of 30 to 44minutes account as much as 10% in each of the residential housing area as depicted by the mean averages of 10.4. 10.7 and 10.7 for low, medium and high residential density areas.
Proximity to children school is another important reason why people would prefer one residential house to another. The distance coverage which takes about 30minutes accounted for over 50% in each of the residential housing choice. This simply reflects the fact that household head usually consider nearness to their children school as being important reason why they would make preference in favour of one residential house to another.
Apart from low residential density area where distance to public transport normally takes between 0 to14minutes to cover and only accounted for about 72.1%, that of medium and high residential density areas are over 80% within the same range of distance. This suggests by implication, that majority of people in these residential area reside close to where there is availability and accessibility to public transports. The choice is likely to be affected as the distance to be covered increases. This is clearly depicted on the Table where the distance reduces for each of the residential density area.
The proportion of those whose residential house distance to hospital lies within the distance range of 0 to14minutes are 32.8%, 0.40% and 37.1% for low, medium and high residential density areas respectively. For the full sample, 48.4% accounted for the said distance range. Between 15 to 29minutes are 33.1%, 28.9% and 31.0% for these same residential density areas respectively. The distance coverage of 60 and above, we observed