According to Salas and Cannon-Bowers (1997), for team training to be effective, an understanding of the nature of team performance is required. In particular, Salas and Cannon- Bowers (1997) suggest that an understanding of the KSAs that a team must possess for effective performance is required, and that team training interventions should be designed on the basis of the KSAs identified. Following Salas and Cannon-Bowers (1997), an analysis of the team-based activities required during driving and the KSAs required to carry out those activities was conducted. Salas and Canon-Bowers (1997) recommend that these be used to develop the instructional method, scenario design and performance assessment and feedback tools. However, such a detailed analysis was beyond the scope of the present project. In order to identify the key KSAs required during team-based activities, the following procedure was adopted:
1. Review of aviation training literature. Initially a review of the aviation training literature was undertaken in order to identify those KSAs trained in the aviation domain that relate to the driving task.
2. Review of relevant young driver crash literature. A review of various sources of crash literature was undertaken in order to identify any team-based factors which were implicated in young driver crashes which occurred in the presence of passengers.
3. Development of KSAs. On the basis of the two tasks above, an initial list of examples of team-based activities and the KSAs required to perform them during the driving task was created. This was based upon the subjective judgement of the authors, and may not be definitive at this stage.
The examples of team-based activities and the KSAs required in driving are presented in Table 5.1. The list in Table 5.1 is not definitive, and further research is needed in order to comprehensively identify the team-based activities and the KSAs involved during the driving task. Nevertheless, it acts as a useful set of guidelines with respect to where initial driver CRM training should focus and serves to pinpoint where there is the greatest need and the greatest potential for reducing fatalities and serious injuries through the provision of CRM training.
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Table 5.1 Team-based activities for driving and corresponding KSAs
Team-based activities Knowledge Skills Attitudes Allocate tasks to the
driver and passengers. How the team concept is applicable to driving. Possible passenger roles. Helpful and unhelpful passenger influences. Implicit and explicit passenger influences. Designate driver and delineate responsibilities and expectations e.g. no alcohol.
Ability to ask for assistance when overloaded.
Ability to offer assistance if driver overloaded.
Ability to recognize situations in which teamwork is
important e.g. long trip, night, wet road.
Ability to gather and integrate information.
Ability to identify alternatives. Ability to select best solution. Ability to recognise own limitations as a driver and those of other drivers
Belief in the value of teamwork.
Positive attitude to passenger roles.
Awareness of own limitations as a driver (can acknowledge need for assistance).
TEAM TRAINING FOR SAFER YOUNG DRIVERS AND PASSENGERS IN THE ACT 41
Table 5.1 (cont.)Team-based activities for driving and corresponding KSAs
Team-based activities Knowledge Skills Attitudes Ensure the driver is fit to
drive. Identify factors affect driver how individual performance:
• age;
• experience;
• alcohol/drugs;
• fatigue; and
• number and type of passengers.
Ability to recognize own limitations as a driver and those of other drivers.
Ability to monitor driver’s task performance.
Ability to accept constructive advice.
Ability to offer constructive advice.
Ability to communicate appropriately and effectively. Ability to resolve conflicts. Ability to jointly solve problems.
Ability to gather and integrate information.
Ability to identify alternatives. Ability to select best solution.
Awareness of limitations of drivers.
Awareness of own limitations as a driver.
Belief in desirability of passenger responsibility.
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Table 5.1 (cont.) Team-based activities for driving and corresponding KSAs
Team-based activities Knowledge Skills Attitudes Ensure the driver drives
safely. Identify behaviour, for example risky driving
• speed;
• poor signaling;
• travelling too close to the vehicle in front;
• running red lights;
• not concentrating fully on driving; and
• violation of road laws.
Observation Scanning
Ability to recognize own limitations as a driver and those of other drivers.
Ability to monitor driver’s task performance.
Ability to accept constructive advice.
Ability to offer constructive advice.
Ability to communicate appropriately and effectively. Ability to resolve conflicts. Ability to jointly solve problems.
Awareness of limitations of drivers.
Awareness of own limitations as a driver.
Awareness of risks. Belief in desirability of passenger responsibility. Positive attitude to passenger advice.
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Table 5.1 (cont.) Team-based activities for driving and corresponding KSAs
Team-based activities Knowledge Skills Attitudes Ensure hazards are
detected and appropriate action is taken.
Identify hazards in the environment, for example:
• pedestrians;
• trams;
• turning vehicles;
• overtaking;
• weather;
• low visibility; and
• knowledge of appropriate action.
Ability to perceive hazards. Ability to assess the risk posed by hazards.
Ability to anticipate how situation will evolve. Ability to recognize own limitations a driver and those of other drivers.
Ability to monitor driver’s task performance.
Ability to accept constructive advice.
Ability to offer constructive advice.
Ability to communicate appropriately and effectively. Ability to resolve conflicts. Ability to jointly solve problems.
Ability to gather and integrate information.
Ability to identify alternatives. Ability to select best solution.
Awareness of limitations of drivers.
Awareness of own limitations as a driver.
Positive attitude to passenger role.
Note. Items listed in each of the KSA columns are not intended to directly match up with same row items in adjacent KSA columns
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