Red mayorista:
10.1.6. Frutas deshidratadas
Cued Uncued
* *
43
FIGURE 3B. Reaction Times as measured across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition (exogenous attention plotted on the x-axis). 520 530 540 550 560 570 580 590 600 Cued Uncued R e ac tion Ti m e s (m s)
Reaction Times across conditions
Valid Invalid
* *
44
FIGURE 4. Topographies of amplitudes for the P1 peak for right and left targets at 125 ms at contra-lateral electrodes.
Topography of peak P1 amplitude to right targets
Topography of peak P1 amplitude to left targets
A20/P07
45 FIGURE 5. P1 component mean amplitudes
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Valid Cued Valid Uncued Invalid Cued Invalid Uncued
A m p litu d e s (µ V) Condition Types
P1 component (110 - 140 ms)
46
FIGURE 6A. ERPs of exogenously cued and uncued targets at the endogenously valid
location at the contralateral electrode (amplitudes combined across P07 and P08 electrodes). The ERP waveforms shown are collapsed across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition.
Onset of target N1 P1 Valid Cued ValidUncued Uncued
47
FIGURE 6B. ERPs of exogenously cued and uncued targets at the endogenously invalid
location at the contralateral electrode (amplitudes combined across P07 and P08 electrodes). The ERP waveforms shown are collapsed across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition.
Invalid Cued
Invalid Uncued
48
FIGURE 6C. ERPs of endogenously valid and invalid targets at the exogenously cued
location at the contralateral electrode (amplitudes combined across P07 and P08 electrodes). The ERP waveforms shown are collapsed across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition.
Onset of target
Valid Cued Invalid Cued
49
FIGURE 6D. ERPs of endogenously valid and invalid targets at the exogenously uncued
location at the contralateral electrode (amplitudes combined across P07 and P08 electrodes). The ERP waveforms shown are collapsed across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition.
Valid Uncued Invalid Uncued
50
Figure 7. ERP waveforms at the central-posterior electrode CPz showing the P300 component (380-440 ms). The ERPs shown are collapsed across strong endogenous-weak exogenous condition and weak endogenous-strong exogenous condition.
Onset of target Valid Cued Valid Uncued Invalid Cued Invalid Uncued A32/CPz
51
TABLE 1. Means and Standard Errors of the mean of behavioral reaction times collapsed across conditions. Endogenous Attention Valid Invalid Exogenous Cued 544.25± 10.74 560.05±12.05 552.15±11.14 Attention Uncued 558.00±11.15 585.29±12.96 571.64±11.94 551.12±10.90 572.67±12.43
52
53 REFERENCES
Berger, A., Henik, A., & Rafal, R. (2005). Competition between endogenous and exogenous
orienting of visual attention. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 134, 207-221.
Cheal, M., Lyon, D. R. (1991). Central and peripheral precuing of forced-choice
discrimination. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 43, 859-880.
Di Russo, F. & Spinelli, D. (2002). Effects of sustained voluntary attention on amplitude and latency of steady-state visual evoked potential: a costs and benefits analysis. Clinical Neuropsychology, 113, 1771-1777.
Doallo, S., Lorenzo-Lopez, L., Vizoso, C., Rodriguez, H.S., Amenedo, E., Bara, S., & Cadaveira, F. (2004). The time course of the effects of central and peripheral cues on visual processing: an event-related potentials study. Clinical Neurophysiology, 115, 199-210.
Duncan-Johnson, C. C. & Donchin, E. (1979). The time constant in P300 recording. Psychophysiology, 16, 53-55.
Eimer, M. (1994). An ERP study on visual spatial priming with peripheral onsets. Psychophysiology, 31, 154–63.
Eimer, M. (1996). ERP modulations indicate the selective processing of visual stimuli as a result of transient and sustained spatial attention. Psychophysiology, 33, 13-21. Eimer, M. (1997). Uninformative symbolic cues may bias visual-spatial attention:
behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biological Psychology, 46, 67-71.
Fu, S.M., Fan, S.L., Chen, L., & Zhuo, Y. (2001). The attentional effects of peripheral cueing
as revealed by two event-related potential studies. Neurophysiology, 112, 172– 185.
Hillyard, S.A. & Munte, T. F. (1984) Selective attention to color and location: An analysis
with event-related brain potentials. Perception and Psychophysics, 36, 185-198.
Hillyard, S.A., S.J. Luck and G.R. Mangun.(1994) The cuing of attention to visual field
locations: Analysis with ERP recordings. In: H.J. Heinze, T.F. Munte & G.R. Mangun
(Eds.). Cognitive Electrophysiology: Event-Related Brain Potentials in Basic and Clinical Research. Boston: Birkhausen, 1-25.
Hopfinger, J.B., & Mangun, G.R. (1998). Reflexive attention modulates processing of visual stimuli in human extrastriate cortex. Psychological Science, 9, 441-447.
Hopfinger, J. B., Buonocore, M. H., & Mangun, G. R. (2000). The neural mechanisms of
54
Hopfinger, J. B., & Mangun, G. R. (2001). Tracking the influence of reflexive attention on sensory and cognitive processing. Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience, 1, 56-65.
Hopfinger, J. B., & Maxwell, J. S. (2005). Appearing and disappearing stimuli trigger a reflexive modulation of visual cortical activity. Cognitive Brain Research, 25, 48-56. Hopfinger, J. B., & West, V. M. (2006). Interactions between endogenous and exogenous
attention on cortical visual processing. NeuroImage, 31, 774-789.
Hopfinger, J.B., Camblin, C.C. & Parks, E.L. (2010). Isolating the internal in endogenous attention. Psychophysiology, 47, 739-747.
Jonides, J. (1981). Voluntary versus automatic control over the mind’s eye movement. In: J.B. Long and A.D. Baddeley, Editors, Attentional Performance, vol. IX, Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, 187-203.
Kelley, T.A., Serences, J.T., Giesbrecht, B., & Yantis, S. (2008). Cortical mechanisms for shifting and holding visuospatial attention. Cerebral Cortex, 18, 114-125.
Klein, R.M. (2000). Inhibition of return. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 4, 138-147. Kraft, A., Pape, N., Hagendorf, H., Schmidt, S., Naito, A., & Brandt, S.A. (2007). What
determines sustained visual attention? The impact of distracter positions, task
difficulty and visual fields compared. Brain Research, 123-135.
Lambert, A., & Hockey, R. (1991). Peripheral visual changes and spatial attention. Acta Psychologica, 76, 149-163.
Luck, S. (2005). An introduction to the event-related potential technique.
Luck, S.J., Heinze, H.J., Mangun, G.R. and Hillyard, S.A. (1990) Visual event-related potentials index focused attention within bilateral stimulus arrays. II: Functional
dissociation of P1and N1 components. Electroencephalography and Clinical
Neurophysiology, 75, 528-542.
Malhotra, P., Coulthard, E.J., & Husain, M. (2008). Role of right posterior parietal cortex in maintaining attention to spatial locations over time. Brain, 132, 645-660.
Posner, M. Cognitive Neuroscience of Attention.
Mangun, G.R. & Hillyard, S. (1991). Modulations of sensory-evoked brain potentials
indicate changes in perceptual processing during visual-spatial priming. Journal of
Experimental Psychology,17, 1057-1074.
Mangun, G.R. & Buck, L.A. (1998). Sustained visual-spatial attention produces costs and
benefits in response time and evoked neural activity. Neuropsychologia, 36, 189-
55
Muller, H.J. & Rabitt, P.M. (1989). Reflexive and voluntary orienting of visual attention:
time course of activation and resistance to interruption. Journal of Experimental
Human Perceptual Performance, 15, 315-330.
Muller, M.M., Mallinowski, P., Gruber, T., & Hillyard, S. (2003). Sustained division of the attentional spotlight. Letters to Nature, 424, 309-312.
Natale E, Marzi CA, Macaluso E. (2009). fMRI correlates of visuo-spatial reorienting
investigates in attention shifting double-cue paradigm. Human Brain Mapp, 30, 2367-
2381.
Natale E, Marzi CA, Macaluso E. (2009). Right temporal-parietal junction engagement during spatial reorienting does not depend on strategic attention control.
Neuropsychologia, 48, 1160-1164.
Natale, E., Marzi, C.A., Girelli, M., Pavone, E.F., & Pollmann, S. (2006). ERP and fMRI correlates of endogenous and exogenous focusing of visual-spatial attention. European Journal of Neuroscience, 23, 2511-2521.
Patel, S.H. & Azzam, P.N. (2005). Characterization of N200 and P300: Selected Studies of
the Event-Related Potential. International Journal of Medical Sciences, 2, 147-154.
Posner, M.I., (1980). Orienting of attention. Quat. J. Exper. Psych., 32, 2-25.
Posner, M.I. & Cohen, Y. (1984) Components of visual orienting. Attent. Perform. Erlbaum
Associates, Hillsdale, NJ, X, 531–556.
Prinzmetal, W., McCool, C. & Park, S. (2005). Attention: Reaction time and accuracy reveal different mechanisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 134, 73-92.
Prinzmetal, W., Zvinyatskovskiy, A., Gutierrez, P., & Dilem, L. (2009). Voluntary and involuntary attention have different consequences: The effect of perceptual
difficulty. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 62, 352–36.
Prime, D. J., & Ward, L. M. (2004). Inhibition of return from stimulus to response. Psychological Science, 15, 272-276.
Proverbio, A.M. & Mangun, G. R. (1994). Electrophysiological and behavioral “costs” and “benefits” during sustained visual-spatial attention. International Journal of
Neuroscience, 79, 221-233.
Robertson, I.H., & Garavan, H. (2004) Vigilant Attention. In M. S. Gazzaniga The Cognitive Neurosciences, 3rd edition. Michael S. Gazzaniga Editor-in-Chief. MIT Press
November 2004, 563-578.
Santangelo, V., Belardinelli, M.O., & Spence, C. (2007). The suppression of reflexive visual
and auditory orienting when attention is otherwise engaged. Journal of Experimental
56
Santangelo, V., & Spence, C. (2008). Is the exogenous orienting of spatial attention truly
automatic? Evidence from unimodal and multisensory studies. Consciousness and
Cognition, 17, 989-1015.
Soltani, M. & Knight, R.T. (2000). Neural Origins of the P300. Critical Review Neurobiology,14, 199-224.
Thomsen, T., Specht,K., Ersland,L.,& Hugdahl,K.(2005) Processing of conflicting cues in an
attention-shift paradigm studied with fMRI. Neuroscience Letters, 380, 138-142.
Van der Lubbe, R.H.J., & Postma, A. (2005). Interruption from irrelevant auditory and visual
onsets even when attention is in a focused state. Experimental Brain Research, 164,
464-471.
Wang, Y., Wu, J., Fu, S., & Luo, Y. (2010). Orienting and focusing in voluntary and involuntary visuospatial attention conditions: an event-related potential study. Journal of Psychophysiology, 24, 198-209.
Yantis, S. & Jonides, J. (1984). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: Evidence from
visual search. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception &
Performance, 10, 601-621.
Yantis, S. & Jonides, J. (1990). Abrupt visual onsets and selective attention: voluntary versus
automatic allocation. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 16, 121-134.
Yantis, S. & Hillstrom, A.P. (1994). Stimulus-driven attentional capture: evidence from
equiluminant visual objects. Journal of Experimental Psychology of Human