Las funciones que se perdieron en el centro histórico de Quito y su impacto en el campo funerario

4 . I In tro d u c tio n

The samples of H.R.A. used in th is in v e s tig a tio n were m anufactured from c o n s titu e n t m a te ria ls ; coarse a g g reg ate, fin e a g g reg ate, f i l l e r and b in d e r, nom inally the same as those com prising m ixtures la id in the A33 W inchester by-pass experim ent 1972. R eference

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to the T.R .R .L. lay in g re p o rt fo r the A33 experim ent enabled the m a te ria l s u p p lie rs to be id e n tif ie d . They were th en con­ ta c te d and arrangem ents made to c o lle c t s u f f ic ie n t q u a n titie s of each m a te ria l, to enable the com pletion of the in v e s tig a tio n .

P rio r to commencement of the main ex p erim en tal work, the m a te ria ls were f i r s t su b jected to a number of ro u tin e t e s t s in o rd e r to

a s c e rta in i f t h e ir p ro p e rtie s were s ig n if ic a n tly d if f e r e n t from those of the m a te ria ls used in 1972. The r e s u lts of th e se an aly ses are given in the fo llo w in g s e c tio n s . Also included are r e s u lts of s im ila r t e s t s conducted a t the ESSO R esearch C en tre, Abingdon, (E .R .C .A .),' on d if f e r e n t samples of the same m a te ria ls , o b tain ed fo r c o -o p e ra tiv e work c a rrie d out a t E.R.C.A. during the summer of 1978.

Samples o f coarse ag g reg ate, fin e aggregate and f i l l e r were tak en and reduced to the re q u ire d siz e fo r te s tin g in accordance w ith B .S. 812 p a rt i j ^ 82) and the te s t s conducted in accordance w ith B.S. 812 p a rts l ^ 182^ and 2^183\

4.2 Coarse Aggregate

This is d efin ed by B.S. 594 (1973) as "m a te ria l s u b s ta n tia lly re ta in e d on a 2.36mm B.S. t e s t s ie v e ."

The coarse aggregate used was a 14mm nom inal s iz e , B a s a lt, crushed rock a g g reg ate, su p p lied by:

John W ainwright & Company L im ited, Moon*s H ill B asalt Q u arries,

Stoke S t. M ichael, Nr. Shepton M allet, Som erset.

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4 .2 .1 Sieve a n a ly s is - p a r tic le siz e d is tr ib u tio n .

R esu lts are given in ta b le 14, w ith th e grading lim its given in B.S. 594 included fo r com parison. The l a t t e r r e la te to w earing course m ixtures c o n tain in g 307o by mass of 14 o r 20mm nom inal siz e coarse a g g reg ate, la id to a nominal th ic k n e ss of 40mm. “The m ix tu res in the A33 experim ent, W ere, la id to a " ta r g e t"

(59) th ic k n e ss of 38mm. '

TABLE 14

Coarse aggregate g ra d in g .

(number of d e term in atio n s shown in b ra c k e ts ).

B .S. Sieve Size (mm)

P ercentage p assin g by mass

S h e ffie ld (6) E.R.C.A. (3) B.S. 594 Table 2

28 100 100 100 •

20 100 100 85 - 100

14 90 88 0 - 100

10 11 10 0 - 6 0

The m a te ria l com plies w ith B.S. 594 grading req u irem en ts, and the s u p p lie rs i n d i c a t e t h a t the grading has not changed s ig n if ic a n tly since 1972. I t i s , th e re fo re , a n tic ip a te d th a t th e grading i s not s ig n if ic a n tly d if f e r e n t from th a t o f th e m at­ e r i a l used in the A33 experim ent.

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4 .2 .2 R elativ e D ensity and Water A b so rp tio n .

The mean v alues of th re e t e s t s on d u p lic a te samples are given (59) below. The fig u re in b ra c k e ts is th a t quoted by T.R .R .L.

R elativ e d e n sity on an oven-dry b a s is = 2.71 R elativ e d e n sity on a s a tu ra te d su rfa c e -d ry

b a s is = 2.72

Apparent r e la tiv e d e n sity = 2.76 (2 .7 7 ) Water a b so rp tio n (% dry mass) = 0.7

4 .3 Fine Aggregate

This i s d efin ed as th a t p o rtio n o f the m in eral aggregate which p asses a 2.36mm B.S. t e s t sieve and is re ta in e d on a 75pm B .S. t e s t sie v e . Two ty pes o f fin e aggregate were used in th is in v e s tig a tio n , both o f which were s ilic e o u s sands.

Sand A: was com prised of g ra in s of q u a r tz ite , q u a r tz itic sand­ stone and q u a rtz , and appeared lig h t pinkish-brow n in c o lo u r, su p p lied by:

E.G.C. Q uarries L im ited, Rockbeare P it ,

Nr. O ttery S t. Mary, Devon.

Sand B: was com prised of uncrushed sub-rounded c h e rt w ith q u artz and f l i n t , i t appeared medium-brown v a ria g a te d in c o lo u r, su p p lied by:

H all A ggregates (Thames V alley) L im ited, S tain es Lane,

C hertsey, S u rrey .

n 82)

4 .3 .1 Sieve a n a ly s is - P a r tic le - s iz e d is tr ib u tio n

R esu lts fo r "as receiv ed " samples of sands A and B are given in ta b le s 15 and 16 re s p e c tiv e ly , the grading lim its given in B .S. 594 (1973) are included fo r com parison.

I t can be seen th a t sand A com plies w ith the requirem ents of B .S. 594, and maybe co n sid ered a ty p ic a l " a sp h a lt" sand. How­

e v e r, sand B f a i l s to meet th ese same req u irem en ts, due in p a r tic u la r to a high percentage (177») re ta in e d on a 2.36mm s ie v e . The

g radings o f both sands d if f e r only s lig h tly from those quoted (59)

by T .R .R .L ., 7 and i t is con sid ered ju s t i f i a b l e to c o n sid e r th ese m a te ria ls as being nom inally the same as those used in th e A33 experim ent.

F u rth e r, i f the p o rtio n o f sand B, re ta in e d on a 2.36mm siev e i s removed, the m a te ria l tak es on the grading in d ic a te d in ta b le 17. This is somewhat c lo s e r to the B.S. 594 req u irem en ts, b ut n e v e rth e le s s , s t i l l f a i l s to comply w ith them. These "as receiv ed " and "m odified" gradings w ill be re fe rre d to l a t e r . Grading cu rv es, p lo tte d from the in fo rm atio n co n tain ed in the ta b le s p re v io u sly re fe rre d to , are p resen ted in fig u re 3.

TABLE 15

Grading of Sand A

(Number of d eterm in atio n s shown in b ra c k e ts)

B.S. sieve Size

Percentage P assing by Mass S h e ffie ld (8) e(2).r.c .A. T.R .R .L. B.S. 594 Table 3 5mm 100 100 100 100 2.36 100 100 100 95 - 100 1.18 99 99 99 600 m icrons 95 95 97 75 - 100 425 89 - 92 300 61 64 70 212 33 35 33 15 - 60 150 15 14 18 75 -2.5 3.5 2.9 0 - 5 TABLE 16

Grading of Sand B !tas re c e iv e d ”

(number o f d e term in atio n s shown in b ra c k e ts)

B.S. sieve Size

P ercentage P assing by Mass

S h e ffie ld (8) T .R .R .L. B.S. 594 Table 3 5mm 100 100 100 2.36 83 85 95 - 100 1.18 68 74 600 m icrons 54 59 75 - 100 425 42 44 300 19 25 212 8 8 15 - 60 150 3 4 75 0.7 0.6 0 - 5

G ra di ng of Fi ne A g g re g a te s us ed in In v es ti g at io n d?

LIT

m "O CO ca "0 a «- x “O 00 O 0) crj a CO H- tn r*. O O O O O O O O O V) C 0 u

1

a N t/j a>_> © in “O_{i .} o “0_c o *- tn .c_V) ca ssdvv ^ u !5SDd %

TABLE 17

Grading of Sand B - p lu s 2.36mm p o rtio n removed

B.S. Sieve

Size 7, P assing by Mass

5mm 100 2.36 100 1.18 82 600 m icrons 65 425 51 300 23 212 10 150 4 75 0.8 /IQON 4 .3 .2 R elativ e D ensity and Water A bsorption

The mean v alu es o f two t e s t s on d u p lic a te sam ples, fo r each sand, are given below, the fig u re s in b ra c k ets are those quoted by

t.r.r.l/ 59)

For Sand A:

R elativ e d e n sity on an oven-dry b a sis R elativ e d e n sity on a sa tu ra te d su rface dry b a sis

Apparent r e la tiv e d e n sity Water A bsorption (7> dry mass)

For Sand B:

R elativ e d e n sity on an oven-dry b a sis R elativ e d e n sity on a sa tu ra te d surface- dry b a sis

Apparent r e la tiv e d e n sity Water A bsorption (7„ dry mass)

2.57 2.61 2.66 (2.66) 1.4 2.56 2.59 2.67 (2 .6 7 ) 1.3

4 .4 F i l l e r

This is defin ed as the p o rtio n of th e m in eral aggregate which p asses a 75pm B.S. t e s t sie v e .

The f i l l e r used was a crushed lim e sto n e , su p p lied by: F ran cis Flower and Son L im ited,

Gurney Slade Q u arries, Gurney Slade,

Nr. Bath, Som erset.

4 .4 .1 Percentage P assing a 75pm sieve

The c u rre n t B.S. 594 re q u ire s 857. by mass of the added f i l l e r to pass a 75pm B.S. t e s t s ie v e . The r e s u lts in ta b le 18 in d i c a te th a t the m a te ria l used meets th is requirem ent and th a t the

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value found on a n a ly s is agrees w ith th a t quoted by T.R .R .L.

TABLE 18

F i l l e r : 7>age p assin g 75nm sieve

S h e ffie ld

(4) E.R.G .A.(2) T.R .R .L.

% p assin g 75pm

siev e by mass 88 88 88

Figures in b ra c k ets in d ic a te th e number of d eterm in atio n s con­ d ucted.

4 .4 .2 R sla tiv e D en sity ^

The mean value of 2.70, found on a n a ly s is , fo r two d u p lic a te

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In document "Los espacios de la muerte en Quito: sitios de inhumación y campo funerario". (página 51-54)