5.04 Orientación para el estudio
5.04.05 Fundamentos del Proyecto
§ Classroom Resources > From Gene to Protein—A Historical Perspective
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
IST-1.MDescribe the mechanisms by which genetic information is copied for transmission between generations.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
IST-1.M.1
DNA replication ensures continuity of hereditary information—
a. DNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction. b. Replication is a semiconservative
process—that is, one strand of DNA serves as the template for a new strand
of complementary DNA.
c. Helicase unwinds the DNA strands.
d. Topoisomerase relaxes supercoiling in front of the replication fork.
e. DNA polymerase requires RNA primers to initiate DNA synthesis.
f. DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands of DNA continuously on the leading strand and discontinuously on the lagging strand. g. Ligase joins the fragments on the
lagging strand.
X EXCLUSION STATEMENT—The names of the
steps and particular enzymes involved—beyond DNA polymerase, ligase, RNA polymerase, helicase, and topoisomerase—are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
IST-1
Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
SUGGESTED SKILL Visual Representations 2.B.b Explain relationships between different characteristics of biological concepts, processes, or models represented visually in applied contexts.
TOPIC 6.2
Replication
Required Course Content
113 Course Framework V.1
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AP Biology Course and Exam Description
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Gene Expression and Regulation
UNIT
6
continued on next page
Required Course Content
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
IST-1
Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
IST-1.N
Describe the mechanisms by which genetic information
flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
IST-1.N.1
The sequence of the RNA bases, together with the structure of the RNA molecule, determines RNA function—
a. mRNA molecules carry information from DNA to the ribosome.
b. Distinct tRNA molecules bind specific amino
acids and have anti-codon sequences that base pair with the mRNA. tRNA is recruited to the ribosome during translation to generate the primary peptide sequence based on the mRNA sequence.
c. rRNA molecules are functional building blocks of ribosomes.
IST-1.N.2
Genetic information flows from a sequence
of nucleotides in DNA to a sequence of bases in an mRNA molecule to a sequence of amino acids in a protein.
IST-1.N.3
RNA polymerases use a single template strand of DNA to direct the inclusion of bases in the newly formed RNA molecule. This process is known as transcription. SUGGESTED SKILL Visual Representations 2.B.b Explain relationships between different characteristics of biological concepts, processes, or models represented visually in applied contexts.
TOPIC 6.3
Transcription and
RNA Processing
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Gene Expression and Regulation
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
IST-1.N.4
The DNA strand acting as the template strand is also referred to as the noncoding strand, minus strand, or antisense strand. Selection of which DNA strand serves as the template strand depends on the gene being transcribed.
IST-1.N.5
The enzyme RNA polymerase synthesizes mRNA molecules in the 5’ to 3’ direction by reading the template DNA strand in the 3’ to 5’ direction.
IST-1.N.6
In eukaryotic cells the mRNA transcript undergoes a series of enzyme-regulated
modifications—
a. Addition of a poly-A tail. b. Addition of a GTP cap.
c. Excision of introns and splicing and retention of exons.
d. Excision of introns and splicing and retention
of exons can generate different versions of the resulting mRNA molecule; this is known
as alternative splicing.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
IST-1.N
Describe the mechanisms by which genetic information
flows from DNA to RNA to protein.
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© 2019 College Board
AP Biology Course and Exam Description Course Framework V.1
|
115UNIT
Gene Expression and Regulation
UNIT
6
Required Course Content
SUGGESTED SKILLS Argumentation
6.E.a
Predict the causes or effects of a change in, or disruption to, one or more components in a biological system based on biological concepts.
Visual
Representations
2.D.b
Represent relationships within biological models, including diagrams.
TOPIC 6.4
Translation
ENDURING UNDERSTANDING
IST-1
Heritable information provides for continuity of life.
LEARNING OBJECTIVE
IST-1.O
Describe how the phenotype of an organism is determined by its genotype.
ESSENTIAL KNOWLEDGE
IST-1.O.1
Translation of the mRNA to generate a polypeptide occurs on ribosomes that are present in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and on the rough endoplasmic reticulum of eukaryotic cells.
IST-1.O.2
In prokaryotic organisms, translation of the mRNA molecule occurs while it is being transcribed.
IST-1.O.3
Translation involves energy and many
sequential steps, including initiation, elongation, and termination.
X EXCLUSION STATEMENT—The details and
names of the enzymes and factors involved in each of these steps are beyond the scope of the course and the AP Exam.
IST-1.O.4
The salient features of translation include— a. Translation is initiated when the rRNA in the
ribosome interacts with the mRNA at the start codon.
b. The sequence of nucleotides on the mRNA is read in triplets called codons.
AVAILABLE RESOURCES
§ Classroom Resources > From Gene to
Protein—A Historical Perspective
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