AISC American Institute of Steel Construction ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials AWS American Welding Society
CEN Commission European de Normalisation (Standardisation) CISC Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
CSA Canadian Standards Association
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency (USA) IIW International Institute of Welding
ISO International Standards Organisation JIS Japanese Industrial Standard
SAC A partnership between SEAOC, ATC and CUREE SEAOC Structural Engineers Association of California 12.2 Other abbreviations
CHS circular hollow section RBS reduced beam section
RHS rectangular or square hollow section CJP complete joint penetration (weld)
J load ratio between out-of-plane and in-plane beams K axial stiffness, beam stiffness
L length
M* moment or flexural resistance
M applied moment acting on connection N* axial load resistance
N axial force acting on connection
P axial force acting on an element of the connection R resistance in general, reduction factor or rotation capacity S stiffness generally
V* shear resistance V shear force W section modulus
a weld throat thickness or general dimension b width dimension
c general dimension or constant
d diameter
e eccentricity
e1,2 distance from tube to bolt centre, distance from bolt centre to edge of plate f material nominal strength, e.g. fu= material nominal tensile strength g bolt spacing across column face
h height dimension or width of column face not connected to beam k model spring stiffness
n number of fasteners or rows of fasteners or column stress divided by the column yield stress
n’ column pre-stress ratio = column ”prestress” divided by the column yield stress q seismic behaviour factor or uniformly distributed load
p bolt pitch or flange plate width per bolt r radius, radius of gyration
s distance
t thickness
w fillet weld leg length
x distance from neutral axis to inside of compression flange stress reduction factor or angle or over-strength factor
connection width to column width ratio, or a constant
’ connection effective width to column width ratio, or a constant
shear strain or column half width (diameter) to thickness ratio
M partial safety factor for capacity ≈ 1/
displacement or storey drift
strain
resistance (or capacity) factor ≈ 1/Mor rotation
connection (beam) depth to column width ratio or cumulative plastic deformation factor
angle
actual stress or strength, e.g. y= actual yield stress
beam to column thickness ratio L elongation
12.4 Subscripts
b beam or bolt or bearing bs beam splice
c column or concrete, e.g. Ac,c= concrete area in concrete filled column cf column face
d diaphragm
e effective or estimate el elastic
f flange, e.g. tb,f= beam flange thickness, or face g gross, e.g. Ag= gross area
h hole or horizontal
ip in-plane
j joint or connection, e.g. Nj*= joint axial load resistance
m mean
n nail or net, e.g. A = net area
s splice or distance sp stiffening plate
u ultimate
un unfactored (service or specified) load v shear or vertical distance
w web, e.g. tb,w= beam web thickness
y yield
12.5 Superscripts
+ positive or tensile, e.g. N+= tensile force
- negative or compressive, e.g. N- = compressive force
* capacity or resistance
Symbols not shown here are specifically described at the location where they are used.
In all calculations the nominal mechanical and geometric properties should be used.
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