Género, sexualidad y embarazo adolescente

To easily analyse the tonality of the marked Themes, the parts from each of the sound files of the data that contain the 59 marked Themes were edited using Audacity software. Finding out whether marked Themes of the map task dialogue are uttered in separate or non- separate tone groups is examined in terms of whether marked Themes contain tonic

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syllables (i.e. information focus), as the occurrence of the marked Theme in its tone group entails that they contain informational foci (Tench, 1996). So, to identify whether marked Themes were uttered in separate or non- tone groups, Praat software (Boersma and Weenink, 2014) was used to visualise the pitch curve of the extracts that contain marked Themes in each sound file of the data. Visualisation of the pitch curve on the marked Themes shows whether a syllable within the marked Theme carries the main pitch movement and hence a marked Theme is uttered in its own tone group. So, using Praat software (ibid), the parts of the map task dialogues that contain the 59 marked Themes were transcribed into tone groups with boundaries signalled by ||….|| as shown in Examples 6.1, 6.2 and 6.3 and Figure 6.2 of Praat image below showing the tone group boundaries. The tonic and the prominent syllables that precede the tonic syllables were identified according to the intonation coding symbols listed on p. xi.

Then to identify key choices, the following steps were carried out: (i) the onset syllables, the first prominent syllables within the tone groups were identified and transcribed by ear with the assistance of Praat; (ii) the key value that is the hertz value of the pitch height realised on each onset syllable was noted. The hertz value represents a number of the pitch height shown on the Praat image; (iii) the noted pitch height on each onset syllable within each tone group was analysed into high, mid or low in relation to the pitch height of the prior onset and transcribed respectively as H, M and L. Example 6.1 below from the dialogue of group three illustrates how key choices are identified in relation to the pitch height of the prior onset syllable for each speaker (the syllable in capital is the onset syllable; the number is hertz value of the pitch height; the numbering of the turns in the example is kept the same as that of the data script of group three in Appendix K.

Example 6.1

308) IG3: ||SO 118 M|| we’re at the START 89 M|| 309) IR3: ||YEAH 204 M||

310) IG3: ||UM 83 M|| and beLOW 95 M the start is the old mine|| 311) IR3: ||YEAH 107 L||

When identifying key choices, it was taken into account that the values of high, mid and low are relative and vary from speaker to another and among female and male and within the discourse of the same speaker. Therefore, assigning the high, mid and low choices in

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the map task dialogue vary among the participants and within the discourse of the same speaker. In case of the male and female speaker, the variation in the key value is related to the vibration frequency of the vocal cords. Female’s vibration of the vocal cords is higher than that of the male. So, what is mid key in case of male speaker might be low key in case of the female speaker. Example 6.1 above illustrates the difference between the instruction giver who is a male speaker and instruction receiver who is a female speaker in terms of the key values. The hertz value 118, 89, 83 and 95 of the male speaker (lines 308, 310) are realised as mid key whereas the hertz value 107 of the female speaker (line 311) is realised as low. Similarly, the hertz value 204 within the tone group (line 309) is realised as mid key as the speaker is female whereas similar values or others within the same range were realised as high key in case of a male speaker. In Example 6.1 above (line 308), the hertz value 89 in the second tone group is lower than that of the first tone group 118 (line 308) yet it is identified as mid not low because the speaker is male. The difference in the hertz value between the adjacent tone groups within the discourse of the same speaker has been taken into account when notating the key choice as high, mid or low. So, the key choice in the second tone group (line 308) is realised as mid not low also because it is in the same range of the hertz value of the prior tone group, the first tone group (line 308).

Within a discourse, the values of high, mid and low of the key are also relative because they vary within the discourse of the same speaker. Speakers usually start with high key and then it gradually declines according to the supradeclination theory (Wichmann, 2000). In Example 6.1 above (line 308), the hertz value 89 in the second tone group is lower than that of the first tone group 118 (line 308) yet it is identified as mid not low because the speaker is male.

The following sections detail the findings of the analysis of the tonality, tonicity and key choices of the 59 marked Themes used in the map task dialogues and explain how these aspects contribute to structuring the map task dialogue. The findings are presented through using in text examples from the map task dialogue. Marked Themes in these examples are written in intonation coding. The intonation coding symbols are presented on p. xi.

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