TERRES I SUBSTRATS PER A JARDINERIA
G02.G04 REBLIMENTS SUPERFICIALS, TERRAPLENAT / PEDRAPLENAT
The basic changes after December 1989 and the joint action of more scientific, political and environment protection organizations succeeded in ceasing some arrangement works in the Danube Delta and in preparing the documentation for stating it as biosphere reserve.
The first document was the Decision of the Romanian Government No.983 from August 1990 that stipulated the organization of the Ministry of Environment, and, in Article 5, the setting up of the
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, with its own administration and scientific board.
At the same time, by ratifying the “International Convention of the world natural and cultural patrimony”, by the Parliament, the Danube Delta was included in the first position and transmitted to UNESCO in September 1990. Afterwards, on 21 September, 1991 Romania signed the
“Convention regarding the humid zones of international importance – especially as habitat for aquatic birds’, convention known under the name of RAMSAR, belonging also to UNESCO. If we add the most important convention, that is the International Network of the Reserves under the protection of UNESCO International Committee – MAB, it comes out that the Danube Delta is included in three international networks specialized in the environment protection.
In order to put into practice the above-mentioned conventions and the decisions taken by the Romanian Government, the Administration of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve together with the specialists of the Scientific Board, under the auspices of the profile board in the Romanian Parliament, and being assisted by international experts and organizations (UNESCO; MAB; IUCN; WWF; the World Bank), organized two conferences in the Danube Delta (1990 and 1991),
elaborated the law project regarding the setting up of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, project discussed and approved by the two legislative chambers (Deputies’ Chamber and Senate) in July 1993 and promulgated by the Law No. 82/7 December, 1993. On 27 May, 1994 the Government Decision No. 248 adopted some measures regarding the reserve law and the working statute, the scientific board, the administration board, the guard and control body.
According to the provisions of the Law No. 82/1993 the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, as an important national and international ecological zone, consists of the Danube Delta, the Saraturile Murighiol – Plopu, the Razim – Sinoie lagoonal complex Area, the maritime Danube as far as Cotul
Pisicii, the sector Isaccea – Tulcea with the liable to inundation zone, the Black Sea coast from the Chilia Branch to Capul Midia, the inland marine waters and the territorial sea as far as the isobath - 20m included. The continental boundary of the reserve is represented by the contact between the Dobrudjan Plateau and the humid and swamp zones, 5,800 km2 in all.
Therefore in the same time with DDBR have been founding Danube delta Biosphere Reserve Authority that have as main activity goal: to create and to apply a special administrative regime protection and conservation of biological diversity of reservation natural ecosystems, for
organisation of economical activities in correlation with support capacity of these ecosystems and for developing the concept of sustainable development of human settlements of DDBR.
Reservation Authority is public institution with juridical status and is subordinated to Nation Authority of Environment Protection, his attributions are established in the Law no 82/1993 referring to Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve founding completed with Low no 454/2001 and in it the working statute approved by Governmental Decision (HG) no 367/2002.
Reservation Authority is managed by Scientific Board composed by 15 members and that is subordinated to Administration Board as an authority to applying decisions of Scientific Board. The leader/president of Scientific Board and Administration Board is the governor of Danube Delta reservation who are named by Govern at National Authority of Environment Protection proposal and with the consent of Tulcea County prefect.
In conformity with DDBRA statute and it working status the activity of Scientific Board is carrying on ordinary or extraordinary meetings convoked by the governor of DDBRA.
Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve Authority have been instituting Information, Documentation and Ecological Education Centre in Crisan (in 1993), Sulina (1996) and Tulcea (2000).
From territorial-administrative organisation point of view DDBR is extended on three counties: Tulcea, Constanta and Galati.
From the total surface of the reservation more than a half (over 310,000ha) are aquatic and natural ecosystems which was been included in the list as area with universal patrimony value within – UNESCO.
The Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve territory is 580,000ha. This surface is divided in three administrative divisions (declared through HG no. 248 / 27 from May, 1994)
1. Strictly protected area (these are 18): 50,600 ha.
2. Buffer areas: 223,300 ha, from which:
♦
deltaic buffer area : 120,300 ha♦
marine buffer area : 103,000 ha3. Transition areas (economic areas): 306,100 ha, from which:
♦
Areas for ecological rehabilitation 11,425 ha♦
Agricultural polders : 39,974 ha♦
Fish ponds : 39,567 haThere are excluded from DDBR perimeter which, legally are private propriety of physic persons, the lands from reservation perimeter which, legally have public or private propriety status and belong to administrative-territorial institutions and the territories from reservation perimeter which, are occupied by agricultural polders and fish ponds-that legally constitute public domain of county interest and which are administrated by Tulcea County Council.
General view over the development objectives
Biodiversity conservation
General objective: the extending of water habitats for fish and birds species through the wetlands
restoration.
Strategic plan for ecological rehabilitation in Danube Delta – period 2005 – 2015
Subsidiary objectives
• The protection of some populations species and of habitats
• The reintegration of some economical agricultural areas and fishponds in the natural hydrologic circuit
• The restoration of the wetland specific functions
• Reestablishment of the ecological and hydrological balance • The achievement of new habitats for fish and bird species
• Renewing the traditional activities - fishing, reed harvesting, animal breeding and ecotourism
Actions
1. Restoring the channel network in order to improve water circulation; 2. Restoration of some areas used as agricultural zones and fishponds
Action 1: Restoring the channel network in order to improve water circulation
Purpose: reactivation of water circulation on the existing channel network Proposed works:
• Re-profiling the main and secondary channels through dredging alluvia L = 265 km • Partial de-colmation of several lakes (Furtuna, Uzlina, Puiu, Rosu)
• The section calibration of several channel (Channel m. 35, Caraorman) • Reactivation of hydro constructions weir type – 15 pieces and sluice - 1 piece • New weirs – 8 pc.
• Shores consolidation and protection
Action 2: Restoration of some areas used as agricultural zones and fishponds
Purpose: reconnecting some economical prepared areas to the natural hydrological circuit Proposed works:
• Breach opening in the defending dykes, in the locations fixed by hydraulic modeling*, in order to flood the area
• Digging water access channels for the connecting of some ponds to the hydrological natural regime
* Hydraulic modeling – it projects depending on flow and level, different flooding scenarios from which is selected the best one, meaning the remake of the water circulation in the area, as close as possible to the natural state, before damming.
Strategic plan for ecological rehabilitation in Danube Delta – period 2005 – 2015
Social and ecological effects
• Restoration of wetlands as support of biodiversity
• Realization of new habitats for the species populations which are in decline or endangered
• Renewing the delta’s specific traditional activities - fishing, reed harvesting and ecotourism
• Natural habitats extending
• The extending of natural reproduction, feeding and resting areas for fish and water bird species
Strategic plan for ecological rehabilitation in Danube Delta – period 2005 – 2015
1. Description of the works for the implementation of projects for ecological rehabilitation in Danube Delta aquatic complexes
2. The costs evaluation for the implementation of the strategic plan for Danube Delta’s ecological rehabilitation
STRATEGIC PLAN IMPLEMENTATION SCHEME
POSSIBLE IMPACT
ECOLOGICAL SOCIO-ECONOMICAL • hydrological regime • human communities • pollution • traditional activities • natural habitats • existing navigation ways • fish, birds, plants and
animal communities
MEASURES AND ACTIONS FOR COMPENSATION AND ATTENUATION
• Renew the channel network in order to improve water circulation. • Restoration and improvement of degraded areas.
• Restoration of some areas used as agricultural zones and fishponds
PERSPECTIVES FOR TRANS-FRONTIER COOPERATION FOR THE INTERNATIONAL PROGRAM
LOWER DANUBE GREEN CORRIDOR
WHICH CONTAINS A PROTECTED AREAS NETWORK, WETLANDS THAT WILL BECOME PROTECTED AREAS, ZONES PROPOSED FOR ECOLOGICAL
REHABILITATION
OBJECTIVES
• The protection of some species populations and habitats
• The reintegration of some former economic areas in the natural hydrological circuit • The restoration of the wetland specific functions
• Reestablishment of the ecological and hydrological balance • The achievement of new habitats for fish and bird species • Renewing the economical traditional activities.
ECOLOGICAL EFFECTS
• existing natural habitats extending
• Improvement of the ecological conditions in aquatic natural complexes
• The extending of natural reproduction, feeding and resting areas for fish and water bird species.
YEARLY ECONOMICAL POTENTIAL
• Catchable fish: 6.805 t x 1 500 Euro/t = 10.2 mil. Euro • Yielded reed: 47.500 t x 16 Euro/t = 0.8 mil. Euro
• Tourism: 94.500 tourists x 3 days/tourist x 50 Euro/day = 14,0 mil. Euro Total 25.0 mil. Euro
Description of the works for the implementation of the
ecological rehabilitation projects in Danube Delta’s aquatic
complexes
2005 – 2015
Considering the hydrologic, orographic and bio-ecological peculiarities Danube Delta was split in seven distinct areas generally named "Aquatic Natural Complexes", units delimitated between them by geographical elements like the Black Sea, The Danube and its arms, the continental platter or dry embankments systems of geological or genetic nature, developed along time.
In this study there have been foreseen works for human degraded areas’ ecological rehabilitation, which assure in time the fall-back on to natural state as close as possible to the initial one, before the beginning of complete programs of improvement works in Danube Delta, elaborated and applied in the years 50s – 90s of the past century.
As a continuity of the sustained activities of ecological conditions improvement which were sustained undertaken during the period after 1990, we propose the continuation works for ecological rehabilitation, as follows:
I. – STAGE I (2005 – 2008)
I.1 – SONTEA – FURTUNA aquatic complex
1.1 The works of re-profiling the main and secondary existing channels will be achieved in order to improve the water flowing and refreshing hydrological conditions, for the input and the evacuation of water in/from habitats and wetland specific ecosystem from Danube Delta.
The execution technology is based on dredging realized with the floating gripper for 25 % from the embankment necessary for the construction of small retention dykes and with dredge Delta 1 for the remainder of 75 % of excavation. To avoid the embankments fall back into the channel, in the third phase of execution relays of cable dredger or bulldozer have been granted for 25 % from the total quantity, solutions which will be adopted depending on special situation shown by the ground orography and on the geo-technical features of the channels placing soil.
Before the beginning of execution works of excavation there will be freed their placement through willow cutting in chair with the resulted wooden material removal, as well as with the hard
vegetations cutting (reed, reed mace, bulrush, etc.) which usually develops in the channel riverbed and borders.
The technical and technological parameters of the channel de-colmation works proposed to be executed in the 1st stage, as well as their placement, are presented in head I.1, “evaluations”, as
follows:
1.1.1 - channels situated in the areas with free regime of flood, respectively Sontea Noua, Stipoc, Papadia Noua with a total length of 46,5 km, and widths between 10 – 15 ml and riverbeds quota of about - 2,00 mrMN75.
1.1.2 - channels situated inside the Pardina agricultural polder, respectively Ceamurlia, Iacubova and Pardina (including the adjacent dyke), with a total length of 79.5 km. 1.2 – re-profiling works for channels, which need to be un-silted, the order to reactivate the
natural reproduction areas for Danube Delta’s indigene fish. These areas, usually situated at the complexes surrounding dykes’ base, were isolated in time through the colmatage of the water inflow/outflow ways and of the biologic material transit - reproducers and yearlings – during spring flood period, when the fish
Total length of fisheries channels, from Sontea-Furtuna natural aquatic complex, which will be un- silted, will be of about 1.5 Km on the existing routes: Hunca-Taranu, Periteasca-Lung and
Periteasca-Mester.
1.3 - Works for natural lakes de-colmation. In this stage it is foreseen to un-silt about 5 ha surface area, situated in the southwest of Furtuna Lake, at Cranjeala channel’ river mouth. This zone, hard clogged up was fore-seed to be purged from the alluvia on a depth of about 1.25 m, using a dredging technology with the refulant dredge Amphibex, which will dump the excavated embankment on the lake’s borders, to about 150 - 200 m distance.
1.4 - breach openings and water access channels for some ponds connecting from fish farms to the hydrological natural regime of Sontea-Furtuna aquatic complex.
- Stipoc fish farm with a total area of 1.344 ha will connect with the aquatic complex through 8 breaches made in the defending dam of the consume fish growing ponds EC1 ÷ EC4 and EC7
÷ EC8.
- Obretin II fish farm with a total area of 617 ha will connect with the Obretin lake through 6 breaches made in the compartmentalizing dams of the yearling fish growing ponds EC1 ÷
EC6.
1.5 - Reactivation of the existing hydrotechnical structures inside Pardina inland, as follows:
- the activation of the sluice situated to Chilia branch km 76, in order to guarantee the water transit which is necessary to restore the inland through Iacubova, Ceamurlia and Pardina channel. - the equipping of the Stipoc existing dam, placed in the south-east of Pardina inland, which will
ensure the water evacuation in the Pardina - Ocolitor channel.
- the equipping consist in the remaking of the close down systems with weirs and in the dam mobile elements manipulation.
- we mention that it was giving up to this hydrotechnical structure running, along with the inland defence dyke execution, work in which it was included.
I.2 – MATITA – MERHEI aquatic complex
2.1 – re-profiling works for the main and secondary channels
In this stage it was foreseen to un-silt the Pardina - Ocolitor channel, Magearu - Cardon channel and the east of Chilia fish farm adjacent channel, with a total length of 30.0 km, and a width between 10 – 12 m and a riverbed quota of -1.5 ÷ - 2.0 mrMN75.
2.2 - water access channels and breaches openings to connect some ponds from fish farms to the hydrological natural regime:
- Chilia fish farm with a total area of 2 950 ha will connect to the aquatic complex free flooding regime through 10 breaches made in the defending dam of the consume fish growing ponds EC1 ÷ EC8.
- Ceamurlia fish farm with a total area of 2 900 ha will connect the nursery basins to the Ceamurlia inland through 6 breaches made in the compartmentalizing dams of the yearling fish growing ponds EC1 ÷ EC3 and of the yearling wintering basins EC1 ÷ EC3.
2.3 - tubular dam to Ceamurlia fish farm: the proposed dam to be executed in the north-west of Ceamurlia inland, near pumping station area, along with the existing tubular dam in the eastern part of the inland, which connects to Old Danube (Torba Goala zone), will ensure the inland water levels directing and transit, in dispatch of its multipurpose exploitation needs, the unit belonging to the Crisan local interest’s public domain.
I.3 – GORGOVA – UZLINA aquatic complex
3.1 - re-profiling works for the main channels: it was foreseen to un-silt the Uzlina channel, on a adjacent route, which is circuitous to the existing one between Sfantu Gheorghe branch and
Uzlina lake, with a total length of 6.0 km, and a width of 10 m and a riverbed quota of – 2.0 mrMN75.
3.2 - re-profiling works for fisheries channels, needed to be un-silted, are globally estimated to a total length of 4.0 km and width between 5 and 10 m. Their placement will be lately identified through speciality studies and researches.
3.3 – natural lakes de-colmation works
In this stage, it was foreseen to be un-silted a surface of approximate 5.0 ha, situated in south- western part of Uzlina lake, to river mouth of the channel with the same name. The depth of digging will be of 1.25 m, with the resulted embankments jumping-up on the lake’s borders at about 150 - 200 m away.
I.4 – ROSU – PUIU aquatic complex
4.1 - re-profiling works for the existing main and secondary channels: in this stage it was foreseen to un-silt the Vatafu-Imputita and Imputita channels, with a total length of 4.6 km, and a width of 12 – 15 m and a riverbed quota of – 1.5 mrMN75.
4.2 - re-profiling works for fisheries channels, needed to be un-silted, have been established to be executed, with a total length of 14.0 km, most of them being in the southern part of Rosu and Puiu lakes, towards Saraturi embankments: Tataru channel – west and Ivancea channel with its afferent derivations, Rosu lake – south channel and Macovei – Bondar and Ciopic – Iacob little channels.
I.5 – DUNAVAT – DRANOV aquatic complex
5.1 - re-profiling works for the existing main and secondary channels.
It was foreseen to un-silt the Danube connecting channels of the islands resulted through the Sfantu Gheorghe branch rectification (Dranov 1, Dranov 2 and Ivancea) and of the separation channel of the area which will be restored, and which belongs to Dunavat II fish farm (ponds 1 and 2), with a total length of 5.1 km, and a width of 10 m and a riverbed quota of – 0.75 ÷ – 1.5 mrMN75.
I.6 – RAZIM – SINOIE aquatic complex
6.1 - re-profiling works for the existing main and secondary channels. In this stage it was foreseen to un-silt the Enisala channel, which ensures the water circulation between the Babadag lake and Razim lake, with a total length of 3.0 km, and a width of 15 m and a riverbed quota of – 1.5 mrMN75.
II. – STAGE II (2009 – 2015)
II.1 – SONTEA – FURTUNA aquatic complex
1.1 - re-profiling works for the existing main and secondary channels. In this stage it was foreseen to un-silt the upstream – Sireasa channel, with a total length of 9.0 km, and a width of 12 m. We mention that this channel will serve the dam stipulated to be built on the km. 112 of Chilia branch.
1.2 - natural lakes de-colmation works.
It is proposed to un-silt the Ligheanca lake, on a 5.0 ha surface area, and a depth of 1.25 m, area situated in the lake’s southern part, with the resulted embankments jumping-up on the lake’s borders at about 150 - 200 m away.
1.3 – borders defence and consolidation works.
The proposed works to be executed are placed as follows:
- at the meeting of Tulcea-Pardina (Mila 35) channel and Tulcea and Chilia Dnube Branches, with a total length of 800 m
- area neighbouring Ceatalchioi, Plauru, Pardina and Periprava localities, on a total length of 2 000 m
The shore defences and consolidation will be executed in acclivity of 1:1 with one layer or prisms of unsorted brute stone rock fill of 1.0 m thick, seated on brush mattresses of 0.6 m thick.
1.4 - dam type hydrotechnical structures: The works proposed for execution are placed as follows: - upstream - Sireasa channel, km 112 Chilia branch, Podu-Rosu point