GASTOS INCURRIDOS DURANTE EL CICLO DE EMISIÓN DE

The term of innovation has been the subject of debate and study over many years and yet there is no one agreed definition. Scholars who study innovation have defined it in different ways and from different angles. For example, some researchers have conceived innovation as a consequence and tried to determine the contextual, structural and process conditions under which organisations would innovate (Damanpour and Gopalakrishnan, 1998; North et al., 2001; Sarros et al., 2011; Jiménez-Jiménez and Sanz-Valle, 2011). Others have conceived innovation as a process and tried to understand how it emerges, develops and becomes a part of routine activities of an organisation (Ettlie, 1980; Rogers, 1983; Dean, 1987; Van de Ven et al., 1989; Cooper and Zmud, 1990; Damanpour and Gopalakrishnan, 1998; Sarros, et al., 2011). Innovation as a concept has steadily expanded in the management literature after the work of Schumpeter. Schumpeter (1930) defined the term of innovation as the introduction of new goods, new methods of production, the opening of new markets, the conquest of new sources of supply and the carrying out of a new organisation of any industry. This definition addresses five important aspects of innovation. These aspects include a) product (either new to consumers or with improved quality for those that have already been available), b) process (methods of production either new to the world or new to the industry), c) new market, d) new sources of supply, and e) new forms of competition (De Jong, 2006; Poorkavoos, 2013). Some researchers such as Vaccaro et al. (2012) clarified innovation as a product, process, or distribution method perceived as new by the organisation. Such view supported by Daft (1978); Herkema (2003) and Palangkaraya et al. (2010), who defined innovation as the adoption of new ideas, behaviours, products, systems, processes, policies, and programmes that are new to an organisation. Similarly, Liao et al. (2008) presented a comprehensive definition, and explaining innovation as the generation/adoption of novel ideas, and behaviours regarding products, services, production, operating procedures, and management

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strategies. White and Glickman (2007) described innovation as the introduction of new ideas, methods, and devices. Hobday (2005) stressed that innovation might be defined as a product or process new to the company, not simply to the world or the market. Similarly, Assink (2006) explained innovation as the adoption of ideas that are new to the adopting company or as the process of successfully creating something new that has significant value to the relevant unit of adoption.

Additionally, Nystrom (1990) found innovation to be new products/services, and processes that aim to improve the competitive advantage of the organisation and meet customers’ changing demands. Du Plessis (2007) indicated that innovation refers to the creation of new thoughts, knowledge and ideas so as to make organisational outcomes possible. It argued that successful innovation is the creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods of delivery which result in significant improvements in outcomes efficiency, effectiveness or quality (Mulgan and Albury, 2003). Albury (2005) defined innovation as creating and implementing new products/services, processes, procedures and methods of delivery that enhance the effectiveness of the organisation. Kamasak and Bulutlar (2010) and Nusair et al. (2012) described innovation as developing, generating, adopting, and implementing new ideas, methods, programmes, and policies so as to achieve the goals of an organisation effectively. Kim et al. (2012) stated that innovation refers to new applications of knowledge, ideas, methods, and skills which can generate unique capabilities and leverage an organization’s competitiveness. Table (2.1) presents examples of the possible definitions of the multiple views on innovation drawn from the literature.

Table 2.1: Definitions of innovation

Resaechers Date Definition

Tushman and Nadler

1986 It is defined as the creation of any product, service, or process which is new to a business unit.

Van de ven 1986 Innovation is a process includes the generation, adoption, and implementation of new ideas and practices

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Rogers (p. 12) 1995 Innovation is “an idea, practice, or object that is perceived to be new by an individual or other unit of adoption”.

Becker and Whisler

1967 Innovation is defined as the first or early use of an idea by one of a set of organisations with similar goals.

Zaltman et al. 1973 It is defined as any idea, practice, or material artefact perceived to be new by the relevant unit of adoption.

Damanpour and Evan

1984 Innovation is defined as the adoption of an idea or behaviour new to the adopting organisation.

Drucker 1985 Innovation is the specific tool of entrepreneurs; the means by which they exploit change as an opportunity for a different business or service. It is capable of being presented as a discipline; capable of being learned; capable of being practiced.

West and Farr 1990 They defined innovation as the intentional introduction and application within a role, group or organisation of ideas; processes; products; or procedures, new to the relevant unit of adoption, designed to significantly benefit the individual, the group, organisation or wider society.

Nystrom 1990 Innovation to be new products/services, and processes that aim to improve the competitive advantage of the organisation and meet customers’ changing demands.

Europe Commission (EC)

1995 Innovation is a function of the successful exploration and exploitation novelty in the social and economic scopes.

Amabile 1998 Innovation meant the successful implementation of creative ideas within an organisation. Vakola and Rezgui, and Wu et al. 2000 2008

Innovation is defined as an idea, a product or process, or a system that Innovation is perceived to be new to an individual

Mulgan and Albury

2003 Successful innovation is the creation and implementation of new processes, products, services and methods of delivery which result in significant improvements in outcomes efficiency, effectiveness or quality.

Daft and Herkema

1978 2003

Innovation defined as the adoption of new ideas, behaviours, products, systems, processes, policies, and programmes that are new to an organisation

Poole and Van de Ven

2004 Innovation is defined often as developing and implementing a new idea in an applied setting.

Brown et al. 2004 Innovation is creating something new and implementing it successfully to a market.

Egbu 2004 Innovation can be viewed as a process of inter-linking sequences from idea generation to idea exploitation which are not bound by definitional margins and are subject to change.

Tidd et al. 2005 It is turning opportunity into ideas and putting these into widely used practice.

Trott 2005 Innovation is not a single action but a total process of interrelated sub processes. It is not only the conception of a new idea, nor the invention of a new device, nor the development of a new market. The process is all these things acting in an integrated fashion.

Hobday 2005 Innovation defined as a product or process new to the company, not simply to the world or the market

Albury 2005 Innovation defined as creating and implementing new products/services, processes, procedures and methods of delivery that

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enhance the effectiveness of the organisation

Assink 2006 Innovation defined as the adoption of ideas that are new to the adopting company or as the process of successfully creating something new that has significant value to the relevant unit of adoption

Fruhling and Siau 2007 It is as "an idea, practice, or object that is perceived as new to an individual or another unit of adoption."

White and Glickman

2007 innovation refers to the introduction of new ideas, methods, and devices

Chen and Tsou 2007 Innovation to be the intuition, adoption, and implementation of new ideas or activities used to develop products, services or work practices.

Du Plessis 2007 Innovation refers to the creation of new thoughts, knowledge and ideas so as to make organisational outcomes possible.

Oddane 2008 Innovation is a collective, open-ended activity aimed at the creation and implementation of new, appropriate products or processes in order to generate significant economic benefit and other values.

Liao et al. 2008 Innovation defined as the generation/adoption of novel ideas, and behaviours regarding products, services, production, operating procedures, and management strategies.

Grawe et al. 2009 innovation is the development of a new service which is perceived to be new and helpful to a particular focal audience.

Jiménez-Jiménez and Sanz-Valle

2011 Innovation defined innovation as the adoption of a new idea or behaviour.

Palangkaraya et al.

2010 Innovation defined as the introduction of new forms of production (processes and production) into the workplace.

Kamasak and Bulutlar

2010 Innovation can be defined as developing, generating, adopting, and implementing new ideas, methods, programmes, and policies so as to achieve the goals of an organisation effectively

Rujirawanich et al.

2011 Innovation is defined as the process of the introduction and implementation of a range of things (such as ideas, products, services, plans, rules, procedures, and so on) related and new to any parts of an organisation and any aspects of its operation, designed to benefit the organisation.

Vaccaro et al. 2012 Innovation explained as a product, process, or distribution method perceived as new by the organisation.

Kim et al. 2012 Innovation refers to new applications of knowledge, ideas, methods, and skills which can generate unique capabilities and leverage an organisation’s competitiveness

In light of above discussion, and in line with the research objectives, this research defines innovation as accepting, developing, and implementing new products and processes by developing and using new technology, good financial management, and the continuous improvement of skills. Although the literature recognises a wide range of innovation types within the firm, most of the empirical works use the product process typology (Liao and Wu

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2010, Gonzalez et al., 2013). The current study therefore classifies innovation into two types: product innovation, process innovation, which will be justified in section 2.1.3.