On the basis of these conclusions, the next stage of this research will involve a participatory co-design approach, leading to iterative design development and evaluation phases. A quali- tative methodology will be used to ensure that the study investigates and evaluates the phe- nomenon of folding within the lived experiences of individuals with dementia. Initial data will be gathered from dementia care professionals who have observed the phenomenon of folding and can contribute their expertise and knowledge about this. In addition, the study will include interviews, observations and design practice to inform the development of inter- ventions that involve folding, and person-centred designs for activities and objects that can be introduced within a person’s day. Working with dementia care professionals and care giv- ers to observe daily routines will help to identify common themes from when, where and what items are meaningful and how a folding activity could become a vital support for play- ful hand use.
Guided by Compassionate Design principles, future design research intends to examine where the value and benefits come from in folding items such as newspapers, napkins and tissues. Whether person centred designs can support the need to fold, is yet to be investi- gated. Future findings could reveal ‘a method in which the behaviour can be accommo- dated’ (Cohen-Mansfield, 2000, p. 22) and inform how to design for those with advanced de- mentia who appear to need some kind of intervention that makes use of the capacity to fold.
5. References
AgeCare, (2015). Do all dementia patients fold things? https://tinyurl.com/yagjrjfn, (Accessed 22 January, 2019).
Aked, J. & Thompson, S. (2011). Five Ways to Wellbeing. New Economics Foundation, https://tinyurl.com/y8sl2oom, (Accessed 22 January, 2019).
Alzheimer’s Association. (2009). Dementia Care Practice Recommendations for Assisted Living Residences and Nursing Homes. Chicago. Alzheimer’s Society. (1995). The importance of meaningful activities. Activity fact sheet.
Alzheimer’s Society. (2015). Unusual Behaviours. Fact sheet 525LP.
Alzheimer’s Society. (2015). Understanding and supporting a person with dementia. Fact sheet 524LP. Alzheimer’s Society. (2017). The later stages of dementia. Fact sheet 417LP.
Alzheimer’s Society. (2019). Facts for the Media, https://tinyurl.com/lhyxbhs, (Accessed 22 January, 2019).
Anderiesen, H. Scherder E. Goossens, R. Visch V. & Eggermont, L. (2015). Play Experiences for People with Alzheimer’s Disease. International Journal of Design, 9 (2), pp. 155-165.
Bidwell, J. & Chang, E. (2010). Managing dementia agitation in residential aged care. Dementia, 10 (3), pp. 299-315. Sage Journals. Bognar, J. (2003). Montessori-Based Activities for Dementia: A Walk Down Memory Lane. Age in Action, 18(4), pp. 1-5. Bowlby, J. (1969/1982). Attachment and Loss: Vol. 1. Attachment. New York: Basic Books
Bowlby, J. & Ainsworth, M. (1992). The origins of attachment theory. Developmental Psychology, 28 (5), pp. 759 - 775. Brooker, D. (2007). Person-centred dementia care: making services better. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Buettner, L. (1999). Simple Pleasures: A multilevel sensory motor intervention for the nursing home, American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias, 14 (1), pp. 41-52. Sage.
Champagne, T. (2018). Sensory Modulation in Dementia Care: Assessment and activities for sensory-enriched care, London: Jessica Kingsley. Cipriani, G., Vedovello, M., Ulivi, M., Nuti, A. & Lucetti, C. (2013). Repetitive and stereotypic phenomena and dementia. American Journal of
Alzheimer’s Disease and Other Dementias, 28, pp. 223–227. Sage.
Cohen-Mansfield, J. (2000). Nonpharmacological management of behavioral problems in persons with dementia: The TREA Model. Alzheimer’s Care Quarterly, 1 (4), pp. 22-34.
Cohen-Mansfield, J., Libib & Marx. (2007). Nonpharmacological treatment of Agitation: A controlled trial of systematic individualized intervention. Journal of Gerontology, 63A (8), pp. 908-916.
Cullen, B., Coen, R., Lynch, C., Cunningham, C., Coakley, D., Robertson, I. & Lawlor B. (2005). Repetitive behaviour in Alzheimer’s disease: description, correlates and functions. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 20, pp. 686–693.
Eggermont, L., Knol, D., Hol, E., Swabb, D. & Scherder, E. (2008). Hand motor activity, cognition, mood, and the rest-activity rhythm in dementia A clustered RCT. Behavioural Brain Research, 196, pp. 271-278.
Eggermont, L., Swabb, D., Hol, E., Swabb, D. & Scherder, E. (2009). Observations of Hand Movements by Older Persons with Dementia: Effects on Cognition. Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders, 27, pp. 366-374.
Ellis, M. & Zeedyk, S. (2014). Rethinking Communications. Dundee: Suzanne Zeedyk Ltd.
Francis, G. & Munjas, B. (1988). Plush animals and the elderly. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 7 (2), pp. 161-172.
Femia, E. (2006). Evaluation of the Montessori-based activities program of the Alzheimer’s awareness and care program. A Report prepared for The D.C. Office on Aging and Home Care Partners.
Fyksen, J. (2015). Utilizing Montessori-Based Occupational Therapy Interventions for People with Dementia. Doctor of Occupational Therapy Doctoral Project, Paper 1. St Catherine University, Minnesota.
Halsall, B. & MacDonald, R. (2015). Design for Dementia - A Guide provides helpful guidance in the design of exterior and interior environments, 1. https://tinyurl.com/y87sc334
Halsall, B. & MacDonald, R. (2015). Design for Dementia - Research Projects gives details of the research projects which underpin the guide, 2. https://tinyurl.com/y6wy4vsr
Harmer, B. & Orrell, M. (2008). What is meaningful activity for people with dementia living in care homes? A comparison of the views of older people with dementia staff and family carers. Aging and Mental Health, 12 (5), pp. 548-558.
Hillier, T. & Stokes, G. (2012). Meaningful Moments. The Journal of Dementia Care, 20 (6),pp. 27–29. Jimenez, S., Pohlemeyer, A. & Desmet, P. (2015). Positive Design Reference Guide. https://tinyurl.com/yaq2k9r3
Judge, K., Camp, C. & Orsulic-Jeras. (2000). Use of Montessori-based activities for clients with dementia in adult day care: Effects on engagement. American Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, 15 (1).
Kenning, G. (2015). Fiddling with Threads: Craft-based textile activities and positive well-being. Textile, 13 (1), pp. 50-56. Killick, J. (2013). Playfulness and dementia: a practice guide. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers.
Kitwood, T. (1997). Dementia reconsidered: the person comes first. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press. Lambert, K. (2008). Depressingly Easy. Scientific American Mind.
Loboprabhu, S., Molinari, V. & Lomax, J. (2007). The Transitional Object in Dementia: Clinical Implications. International Journal of Applied Psychoanalytic Studies, 4 (2), pp. 144-169.
Lundborg, G. (2014). The Hand and the Brain. London: Springer-Verlag.
Lykkeslet, E., Gjengedal, E., Skrondal, T. & Storjord, M. (2014). Sensory stimulation: A way of creating mutual relations in dementia care. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being.
Mayers, K. & Griffin, M. (1990). The Play Project. Use of stimulus objects with demented patients. Journal of Gerontologyical Nursing, 16 (1), ProQuest Hospital Collection pp. 32-37.
Milwain, E. (2010).The brain and person-centred care. 4. Memory, belief, emotion and behaviour, 18 (31), pp. 26-29.
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (2017) Dementia: supporting people with dementia and their carers in health and social care. (NICE Guideline 97). https://tinyurl.com/y76fhte9, (Accessed 22 January 2019).
Ógáin, E. & Mountain, K. (2015). Remember Me. Improving quality of life for people with dementia and their carers through impact investment. NESTA.
Perrin, T., May, H. & Anderson, E. (2008). Wellbeing in dementia: an occupational approach for therapists and carers. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.
Perrin, T., (1996). The Positive Response Schedule for Severe Dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 1 (2), pp. 184-191.
Ring, H. & Serra-Mestres J. (2002). Neuropsychiatry of the basal ganglia Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 72, pp. 12-21. Scho¨lzel-Dorenbosa, C., Meeuwsenb, E. & Olde Rikkertb, M. (2010). Integrating unmet needs into dementia health-related quality of life
research and care: Introduction of the Hierarchy Model of Needs in Dementia. Aging & Mental Health, 14 (1), pp. 113–119 Sterns, H. & Camp, C. (1998). Applied gerontology. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 47 (2), pp. 175-198.
Stephens, A., Cheston, R. & Gleeson, K. (2012). An exploration into the relationships people with dementia have with physical objects: An ethnographic study. Dementia, 12 (6), pp. 697-712. Sage.
Stienstra, J. & Marti, P. (2012). Squeeze Me: Gently Please. Proceedings of the 7th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction NordiCHI 2012.
Timlin, G. & Rysenbry, N. (2010). Design for Dementia. https://tinyurl.com/y8kvak8w, (Accessed, 22 January 2019).
Tobiasson, H., Sundblad, Y., Walldius, Å., & Hedman, A. (2015). Designing for active life: Moving and being moved together with dementia patients. International Journal of Design, 9 (3), 47-62.
Treadaway, C. (2009). Hand and Mind – shaping experience. Australasian Journal of Arts Health, 1, pp. 1-15.
Treadaway, C., Coleman, C. & Kenning, G. (2014). Designing for Positive Emotion: Ludic Artefacts to support wellbeing for people with dementia. In: Juan Salamanca, Pieter Desmet, Andrés Burbano, et al. (eds) Colors of Care: 9th International Conference on Design and Emotion Bogota, Columbia: Design and Emotion Society; Universidad de Los Andes.
Treadaway, C. & Kenning, G. (2015). Designing sensory e-textiles for dementia. The Third International Conference on Design Creativity, Bangalore, India.
a Treadaway, C., Prytherch, D., Kenning, G. & Fennell, J. (2016). In the Moment: designing for late stage dementia. (2016). In P. Lloyd & E. Bohemia, eds., Proceedings of DRS2016: Design + Research + Society – Future-Focused Thinking, 4, pp. 1442-1457, DOI: 10.21606/drs.2016.107ISSN 2398-3132 Design Research Society Conference 2016, Brighton, June 27-30
b Treadaway, C., Fennell, J., Kenning, G., Prytherch, D. & Walters A. (2016). Designing for wellbeing in late stage dementia. Proceedings of Well- being 2016: Co-Creating Pathways to Well-Being, The Third International Conference Exploring the Multi- Dimensions of Well-Being, Birmingham City University, 5th- 6th September 2016
c Treadaway, C., Kenning, G., Prytherch, D. & Fennell, J. (2016). LAUGH: designing to enhance positive emotion for people living with dementia. 10th Design and Emotion Conference, Amsterdam.
Treadaway, C., Fennell, J. & Taylor, A. (2018). Compassionate Creativity: Co-design for advanced dementia. The Fifth International Conference on Design Creativity. Bath, UK. https://tinyurl.com/y9jgeu45, (Accessed 22 January 2019).
van Rijn, H., van Hoof, J. & Stappers, P. (2010). Designing leisure products for people with dementia: Developing ‘The Chitchatters’ game. American Journal of Alzheimers Disease and Other Dementias, 25 (1), pp. 74-89.
Vozzella, S. (2007). Sensory Stimulation in Dementia Care: Why it is important and How to implement it. Topics in Geriatric Rehabilitation, 23 (2), pp. 102-113.
Wilks, S., Boyd, P., Bates, S., Cain, D. & Geiger, J. (2017). Montessori-based activities among persons with late stage dementia: Evaluation of mental and behavioral health outcomes. Sage Publications. Dementia. https://tinyurl.com/y6wubrbc, (Accessed 22 January 2019). Wilson, F. (1999). The hand: How its use shapes the brain, language, and human culture. New York: Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. Winnicott, D. (1971). Playing and reality. London: Tavistock.
Zeisel, J. (2010). I’m Still Here: Creating a better life for a loved one with Alzheimer’s. London: Piatkus.
Zeillig, H., Killick, J. & Fox, C. (2014). The participative arts for people living with a dementia: a critical review. International Journal of Aging and Later Life.