ABREVIATURAS
2. INGENIERÍA DE ANTICUERPOS
2.3. GENERACIÓN DE ANTICUERPOS MONOCLONALES IN VITRO Para la generación de AcMos in vitro es necesario: i) generar diversidad
1) A certain level of stress can be positive. Can you think of any cases where stress was useful to or necessary for you?
2) Do you have anyone to talk to when you are stressed? Why do you consult this person.
Tell me about him or her with as much detail as possible?
3) Do you know how to recognize stress in yourself? Do you have a kind of red warning flag that indicates too much stress? How does stress affect you physically and emotionally?
There are various ways in English to talk about obligations and responsibilities. One of them is using the modal verbs “must” and “have to”. Sometimes we can use must or have to to mean the same thing such as in:
☆ I need to be at the airport in one hour, so I must / have to go.
However, in this sentence:
I have to work overtime to beat the deadline.
we use the have to. This modal is often used to discuss our daily responsibilities and is commonly used to describe workplace situations. We’ll discuss in detail the differences of the two.
☞ 의무, 필요성을 나타내는 조동사 “must “와 “have to” 는 같은 뜻이지만 쓰임에는 다소 차이가 있습니다.
말하는 사람이 스스로 필요성을 인지하는 경우에는 must 를 다른 사람에 의해 의무나 필요성이 지워진 경우에는 “have to” 를 사용합니다.
Must Have to
The speaker thinks it is necessary. Someone else thinks it is necessary.
☆ I must buy a present for my mother.
It's her birthday, and I decide to do that.
☆ I have to buy a present for my mother-in-law.
It is not my decision - my husband asked me to do it.
☆ I must ask my secretary to book a flight for me.
It is important for me not to forget.
☆ I have to call the travel agency.
My boss asked me to book a flight.
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IMPORTANT!
☆ "Dogs must be kept on a lead."
Written on a sign in the park = a rule which must be respected
☆ I have to keep my dog on a lead.
That's what the sign tells me to do.
In the negative form, the meaning changes!
Mustn’t Don’t have to
☆ You mustn't tell Harry.
It's important not to tell Harry.
Don't tell Harry.
☆ You don't have to tell Harry.
You can tell Harry if you like,
but it isn't necessary. It's your decision.
☞ Must 의 부정형 “must not” 은 “~해서는 안 된다.” 라는 강제의 뜻을 “have to” 의 부정형인 “don’t have to” 는 “~ 할 필요가 없다” 라는 뜻으로 차이가 있습니다.
The past form of 'have to' and 'must' is 'had to'. 'Must' does not exist in the past.
☆ Did he have to leave so early? ☆ She had to pick the children up from school.
☆ Did they have to do the work over again? ☆ He had to stay overnight in Dallas.
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Hi, this is Kim Jin Kyong from Songpa. I phoned to inquire about your shop’s upcoming sale. I overheard from a neighbor that there’s going to be a sale next week. Would you be kind enough to clear this up for me? When’s the whole duration of the sale? Are all products on sale, or are there only selected participating items? How much is the discount? Do you apply a uniform discount for all items? I hope you can enlighten me about this matter. I want to be at the head of the line to get hold of the best products possible at a marked down. Thank you very much for your assistance. Introduction Greeting
Body
Reason for calling Inquiries
Expression of strong interest Conclusion Closing message
I’d like to give you a situation and ask you to act it out. There is going to be a sale at one of your favorite shops. You want to know more about the sale. Call the shop and ask three or four questions to find out everything you can about the sale.
Topic 9
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Useful Expressions
Would you be kind enough to clear this up for me?
Clear something up(~을 해결하다[설명하다]): to give or find an explanation for something, or to deal with a problem or argument
☆ They never cleared up the mystery of the missing money.
☆ I think that we can clear this matter up without calling in the police.
I want to be at the head of the line to get hold of the best products possible at a marked down.
Head(머리; 책임자): the top or front part of something
☆ Jenny marched proudly at the head of the procession.
☆ We walked straight to the head of the queue.
Get hold of(~을 찾다, 구하다): to find someone or obtain something
☆ I’ve managed to get hold of some very good wine.
☆ Can you get hold of Mike and tell him the meeting’s postponed?
Mark down(~의 가격을 인하하다): to reduce the price of something
☆ We are going to mark all this merchandise down next Monday.
☆ We marked down the merchandise.
Points of Discussion
1) Tell me about your last visit to an outlet store/ thrift store. Where is it? What did you buy? What can you say about the store? Give as much detail as possible.
2) Now you are going to buy a new computer. Ask three or four questions about the new computer.
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Grammar Pointer
☆Are all products on sale or are there only selected participating items?
☆ Do you apply a uniform discount for all items?
As you may notice, the sentences above use the word all. Is it right if we say, “Do you apply a uniform discount for each item?” or “Do you apply a uniform discount for every item?”
The above sentences used in the sample answer used all because it refers to the items of the shop as a whole — not individual items. All is similar in meaning with every. It is often a
difference in form more than in meaning. For example, all of us means the same thing as every one of us.
It is also used to make general statements:
☆ All cars have breaks.
☆ All students must wear uniforms.
☆ All information is confidential.
☞ “All” 과 “every”는 “모든”이라는 뜻으로 피수식어의 형태만 다를 뿐 같은 의미로 사용됩니다.
All
- uncountable Noun All cheese contains protein.
(of) the plural noun All (of) the people in the room were silent.
(of) my, your,
etc. plural countable noun I invited all (of) my friends to the party.
(of) this, that uncountable noun Do I need to put all this sugar?
(of) these,
those plural countable noun Look at all those balloons!
We use all (of) before determiners plus nouns to make more specific statements
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Since all and every are similar in meaning, let’s discuss the differences of every and each.
☞ “Every”는 단수형태이지만 복수의 뜻을 “each”는 단수의 형태와 뜻을 갖습니다.
Every Each
Usage
Used to refer to the members of a group in total
☆ Every sentence must have a verb. (All sentences in general.)
Used to members of a group individually
☆ Study each sentence carefully. (Study the sentences one by one.)
Every is more usual for a large number.
☆ Carla loves reading. She has read every book in the library.
(=all the books)
☆ I would like to visit every country in the world. (=all the countries)
Each is more usual for a small number.
☆ There were four books on the table.
Each book was a different color.
☆ At the beginning of the game, each player has three cards.
We say every (NOT each) to say how often something happens.
☆ There’s a bus every ten minutes (NOT each ten minutes).
Each (but not every) can be used for two things.
☆ In a football match, each team has 11 players. (NOT every team)
Structure
Every + singular noun
☆ Every soldier saluted as the President arrived.
Each + singular noun
☆ Each artist sees things differently.
Can be used alone (without a noun)
☆ None of the rooms was the same.
Each was different. (=each room) You can say every one of (BUT
every + virtually, almost, nearly...to emphasize we are talking about a group as a whole
☆ His team lost almost every game.
Chapter
Topic 1. Hobbies Topic 2. TV program Topic 3. Books
Topic 4. Computer Games Topic 5. Cooking
Topic 6. Music Topic 7. Singing
Topic 8. Musical Instrument Topic 9. Online Shopping
Topic 10. Role Play: Inquiring about the party
Topic 11. Role Play: Inquiring about concert tickets
Hobbies
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I love mountain climbing. For me, the mountains are where I can enjoy nature and slowly unwind from the hustle and bustle of the city and escape from the humdrum of everyday life.
The fresh air and the different sounds of nature ease my mind and rejuvenate my body. Thus, it is a perfect way to maintain good health. Moreover, because mountains are an integral element of Korea and make up about 70% of our country’s lands, there are plenty of mountains to choose from. Last week, I went to Bukhansan with my friend. The camaraderie of other climbers was uplifting and the scenery on the way up was captivating. It took us about three hours to reach one of the summits, but it was all worth it. It was difficult getting started, but when we reached the top, it was spectacular. We really did get a top of the world feeling.
V V o o c c a a b b u u l l a a r r y y : :
Unwind : 긴장을 풀다
to relax and allow your mind to be free from worry after a period of work or some other activity that has made you worried
Humdrum
: 단조로운, 따분한 boring because nothing new or interesting ever happens Rejuvenate
very attractive and interesting, in a way that holds your attention Summit: (산의) 정상 the highest point of a mountain
Spectacular
: 장관을 이루는, 극적인 very impressive
Development of Ideas Introduction State your hobby/hobbies
Body Details about your hobby
Purpose and benefit of your hobby/hobbies Conclusion Feeling towards your hobby/hobbies