Generación de Trihalometanos

B-20. There are various sources a commander can use to obtain the linguists necessary to support operations. It is vital to know the advantages and disadvantages of each type of linguist and to carefully match the available linguists to the various aspects of the operation.

A

L

-Q

MOS/AOC

B-21. The MI language-dependent enlisted military occupational specialties (MOSs) are 35P with a special qualification identifier (SQI) of L (Cryptologic Communications Interceptor/Locator) and 35M (Human Intelligence [HUMINT] Collector) and their related warrant officer (WO) area of concentration (AOC) of 352P and 351M. Some Soldiers in MOS 35F (All-Source Intelligence Analyst), MOS 35L (CI Agent), and MOS 35N (Signals Intelligence [SIGINT] Analyst), and their related WO AOCs 350F, 351L, and 352N are trained in foreign languages.

B-22. Using Soldiers in the MOSs and AOCs mentioned above has many advantages. They are trained in the military system, are not subject to deployment restrictions (a limiting factor with civilian linguists), have a security clearance, and as U.S. personnel, they support the command’s interests. The major disadvantage to using these individuals for general foreign language support is they are removed from their primary MI functions. They should be used only in linguistic duties that include intelligence potential. B-23. Non-MI Army language-qualified enlisted MOSs and officer AOCs are in career management fields/branch codes 18 (Special Forces [enlisted and officers]), 37 (Psychological Operations [PSYOP]), 38 (Civil Affairs [CA]), 180A (Special Forces WO); and functional area 48 (Foreign Area Officer). Particular attention must be paid to the recorded language proficiency and test date of these individuals since the standards vary by field. The same advantages and disadvantages apply as with the MI linguists.

B-24. The Army also includes linguists in MOS 09L (Translator/Interpreter). The 09Ls are specifically trained to be translators and interpreters. They have the same advantages as listed above for language-

dependent MOS/AOCs. An added advantage is that since their sole job is translation and interpretation, they do not have to be removed from another job to be used as linguists. Major disadvantages are they have no additional skills that give them dual functionality as do the 18, 37, 38, 180A MOSs/AOCs, and they usually do not have security clearances, which can limit their use.

A

L

N

DOD-T

B-25. The Army also includes numerous Soldiers of all grades who are proficient in a foreign language and are receiving a foreign language proficiency bonus in accordance with AR 11-6 but whose primary duties do not require foreign language proficiency. They may have attended a civilian school to learn a foreign language, or they may have acquired proficiency through their heritage. They have the advantage of being trained Soldiers and are therefore readily deployable throughout the AO.

B-26. These Soldiers may have the specific vocabulary and military skill knowledge for certain linguist support missions. For example, a supply sergeant who speaks the local language would be an invaluable asset to the G-4. There are disadvantages in that they already have another job and units are reluctant to give up personnel especially if they are in key positions. Their capabilities are difficult to assess. Since they are not required to take the Defense Language Proficiency Test (DLPT) and if they are not receiving a foreign language proficiency bonus, it is often difficult for the G-1/S-1 to identify them as a linguist or for a nonlinguist to judge the level of their foreign language capability.

O

S

L

B-27. Other Service linguists have the advantage of deployability, loyalty, and in most cases a security clearance. However, they must often learn the Army system and specific Army terminology. They are also difficult to obtain since their parent Service probably lacks a sufficient number of trained linguists as well. Other Service linguists, however, will be valuable in joint operation centers and joint activities. When serving a joint task force (JTF) headquarters, Army commanders and staffs must be aware of the linguists in the other Services to plan for their participation and optimize their employment.

U.S.C

L

B-28. U.S. civilians can be contracted to provide linguist support. They have an advantage over local national hires because their loyalty to the U.S. is more readily evaluated, and it is easier for them to be granted the necessary security clearance. However, there are usually severe limitations on the deployment and use of civilians. A careful assessment of their language ability is important because, in many cases, they use old-fashioned terms or interject U.S. idioms. If the linguists are recent immigrants, the use of the language in their country of origin could be dangerous to them, or their loyalty may reside with their own country, religious group, tribal affiliation, or other close connections when at odds with U.S. interests.

L

M

P

B-29. Linguists provided through multinational partners have their own set of advantages and disadvantages. These linguists may be unfamiliar with the U.S. military system unless they have previously participated in a multinational operation with U.S. forces. They may have a security clearance, but clearances are not necessarily equal or reciprocal, automatically guaranteeing access to classified or sensitive information between nations. They support the command’s interest but may have differing priorities or responsibilities within their assigned AOs. These linguists are already fulfilling specific duties for their own nation, which may have a shortage of linguists as well. The major disadvantage to acquiring and maintaining linguist support from multinational partners is that they are outside the military authority of U.S. forces and not under U.S. military contract. These linguists will be valuable in multinational operations centers and activities.

L

N

C

L

B-30. Local national hires will provide the bulk of linguist support. They are usually less expensive to hire than U.S. civilians are, and will know the local dialect, idioms, and culture. The expertise of these linguists in particular areas or subject matters can be an asset. However, there are several potential problems with using local national hires, including limited English skills and loyalty considerations. Therefore, a screening interview or test is necessary to determine their proficiency in English. These individuals must also be carefully selected and screened by CI personnel (with U.S. linguist support) initially and periodically throughout their employment. Their loyalty is always questionable. Local prejudices may influence them, and they may place their own interests above those of the United States.