5 ÁREA DE ESTUDIO 5.1 Ubicación del área
GERENCIA GENERAL
1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Content
3.1 Definition of Referencing Style 3.2 Importance of Referencing 3.3 APA Style of Referencing 3.4 MLA Style of referencing 4.0 Conclusion
5.0 Summary
6.0 Tutor-Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Reading
1.0 INTRODUCTION
In the academic environment, it is imperative for every academics, scholars, researchers and students to site, reference or acknowledge all sources of information, ideas, quotations or words that you have used in your essay, research paper, articles, dissertation or thesis in a way that identifies the original sources. Also in academic community it is very important you show the reader where you have used someone else’s ideas or words because failure to properly do so may the reader think that you show the reader think that you are cheating by claiming someone else’s work as your own.
However, failure to adequately and accurately acknowledge your sources could be tantamount to plagiarism. Plagiarism therefore is a grievous or very serious offence in academic palace that can have a disastrous consequence for an academic student found culprit and guilty of the offence.
2.0 OBJECTIVES
By the end of this unit and relevant readings your should be able to:
• Define or explain what referencing and referencing styles means
• Enumerate different referencing styles
• State importance of referencing
• Discuss or explain each and every referencing style.
3.0 MAIN CONTENT
3.1 Definition of Referencing Styles
- Referencing Styles are the various ways of acknowledging literature source consulted in research work.
- They are formats used for preparing references (sources of information) for academic works.
- These are endnotes or footnotes that provide correct bibliographical citation for the sources noted in the text. Footnotes appear at the bottom of each page of academic work while Endnotes appear at the end of each chapter or at the end of the entire academic paper.
- They are specific ways or formats of acknowledging all sources of information and ideas that you have used in your essays, research paper, dissertation or thesis in a way that identifies the original source
- It is a compilation of a set of rules for scholar by publications.
3.1.1 Types of Referencing Styles
There are different types of referencing styles, with each styles having its peculiarities with differences in the amount of details referencing and other editorial details recognized and preferred by various bodies and publishing outfits. These are usually referred to as ‘house styles’, which include the following:
• APA (American Psychological Association) Style
• MLA (Modern Language Association) Styles
• Chicago Manual of Style
• Harvard Style
• Vancouver Style
• British Standard
3.2 Importance of Referencing
• It guides against plagiarism which if not avoided, can lead to disastrous consequences.
• When you reference correctly you are demons treating that you have read widely on a topic.
• It reveals the original source(s) of information and allows the reader to consult the original sources of your information ad acknowledges the author(s) from which the information was taken
• When you make good reference, you are also supporting your hypothesis with comments from expert authors.
• It gives credit to previous scholarly work cited.
3.2.1 What do Styles Strive to Achieve?
• Clarity and consistency of work
• Conciseness: They help to avoid redundancy and save space and energy
• Though manuals gives comprehensive information on referencing styles and other aspects of writing and documentation, they are not static
• They are reviewed constantly.
3.3 American Psychological Association (APA) Style of Referencing
APA style of referencing is a common style used in the social and Behavioural Sciences.
This style is an author-date method of referencing (i.e. it requires name of the author and your publication).
3.3.1 APA Basic Rules for Document Layout
The following are some general guidelines for referencing works I the text of a document.
The author’s surname and year of publication are used within the test of a document (commonly referred to as in-text citations) when you are quoting, paraphrasing or summarizing someone else’s ideas. At the end of the document full details of the in-test citations are given in a reference list.
Referring to the works of other n your text
• Follow the author-date method of in-txt citation.
This means that the author’s last name and the year of publication for the source should appear in the text and a complete reference should appear in the reference list at the end of the paper.
• If you are referring to an idea from another work but not directly quoting the material, or making reference to an entire book, article or other work, you only have to make reference to the author and year of publication in you in-test reference.
• It you are directly quoting from a work, you will need to include the author, year of publication, and the page number for the reference.
• Examples for referring to another idea or study.
3.3.2 Formatting Citation in a Test by APA
The following are some basic rules for formatting citations in the body of a work or paper:
• Always capitalize proper nouns, including author names
• If you refer to the title of a source within your capitalize all words that are four letters long or more within the title of a source
• When capitalizing title, capitalize both words in a hyphenated compound word.
• After a colon or dash in a title, capitalize the first word
• Italicize the titles of longer works such as books, edited collections, movies, documentaries or albums
• Put quotation marks around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles, articles from edited collections, television shows and song titles
• If a work has two authors, cite both names every time the reference appears in your text. Join the authors’ names wit the word ‘and’
• If a work has three, four, or five authors, cite all of the authors the first time you refer to the work, shorten the citation to the last name of the first author plus the words et.al. join the authors’ names with ; join the authors’ names with an ampersand (8) if the you are referring to them in a parenthetical citation.
• It a work has six authors (or more), cite only the last name of the first author plus the word et al.
3.3.3 Reference List
1. Authors’ names are inverted (last name first); the last name and initial for all authors of a particular work unless the work has more than six authors
2. If the work ha more than six authors, list the first six authors and then use et.al after the sixth author’s name to indicate the rest of the authors.
3. Reference list entries should be arranged alphabetically according to the surnames (last names) of the first author of each work.
4. It you have more than one article by the same authors), single – author references or multiple-author references with the exact same author’s in the exact same order listed in order y the year of publication, starting with earliest.
3.3.4 Examples of APA Format
Journal Article with DOI assignedLiefert, W. Lerman, Z. Gardner, B. & Serova, E. (2005) Agricultural Labour in Russia:
Efficiency and provitability. Review of Agricultural Economics, 27(3), 412-417, doi:10.111/J. 1467-9353.2005.00237.x
Journal article without DOI assigned found in Library database
Cooper, L. (2009). Human voice: Language and conscience in Twain’s A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s court. Canadian Review of American studies, 39(1), 65-84.
retrieved from EBSO Mega file database.
Magazine article without DOI assigned, found in Library database
Hubbard, L. (2009, May 11). Survey demand for defunct energy drink. Convenience store News, 45(6), 16. Retrieved August 4,2009, from EBSCO Mega file database.
Magazine article without DOI assigned, with no author, found in library database car phones unsafe at any speed. (1996, July). Safety & Health 154(1), 102. Retrieved from Academic Search Premier database.
Article freely available from the publisher (This is an example of the page number not given) Roundtree, C. & Huglen, M. (2004). The rhetoric of bush’s war on evil. KB Journal 1(1) Retrieved from http://kbjournal.orglnextphase.
Journal article with DOI assigned and more than seven authors
Besselmanu, D., Schaub, D., Wenker, C. Vollm, M. (2008). Juvenile mortality in captive lesser Kudu (Tragelaphus imberbis) at Basle 200 and its relation to nutrition and husbandry. Journal of 200 and wildlife Mediumee, 39 (1), 86-91. doi:10.1638/2007-0004.1 Edited book
Letheridge, s., & Cannon, C.R. (Eds.). (1980). Bilin- gual education. New York: Praeger.
Book (two authors)
Strunk, W., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of styles (3rd ed.) New York: Macmillan.
Article or Ehapter in an edited book (print)
Sheets, B. (2006). The cost of Lingering arm injuries. In B. selig. & W. Selig (eds.) A compilation of long stories (pp.211-234). Milwaukee, WI: MB Press.
Chapter or section in an internet document
Thompson, G. (2003). Youth coach handbook. In Joe soccer, Retrieved September 17, 2004 from http://www.joesoccer. Comlmenu.html
Doctoral dissertation, from a commercial database Olsen, G. (1985). Campus child care within the public supported post-secondary institutions in the stage of Wisconsin (Doctoral dissertion). Available from Pro Quest Dissertation and Theses database. (Publication No.
AAT 8528441)
Online reference work
Po1 (food). (2009). In Wikipedia. Retrieved August 3, 2009 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mainpage
Video Blog Post
Redbone, L. ln.d). seduced-Leon Redbone. (Video file) Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SRSQ1ISWP24
Online document with government author Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources.
(2001) Glacial habitat restoration areas. Retrieved from http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/land/wildlife/hunt/hra.htm
Personal communications
Personal communications may be things such as email messages, interviews, speeches, and telephone conversations. Because the information s not retrievable they should not appear in the reference list. They should look as follows: example: S. Shurley (personal communication, September 20, 2008) indicated that …. Or In a ecent interview (S. Shurley, personal communication, September 20, 2000) I learned that…..
Citation of a work in a secondary source
To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in the references list only the source that you actually used. For example, suppose you read Fielder (2008) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that article: Braun (2008) defined bat speed as “the ability to catch up to a baseball with a moving bat” (p.11).
In this case, the in-text citation would be: (Braun, 2008, as cited in Fielder, 2008) fielder (2008) would be fully referenced within the list of references.
Reference citations in text
To refer to an item in the list of references from the text, an author-date method should be used. That is, use the year of the publication in the text at appropriate points.
Example: Researchers have indicated that more is expected of students in higher education (Hudson, 2001, p.8) and secondary education (Taylor & Hornung,2002. P.31).
One author
Isaac (2001) indicated in his research….
In a recent study, research indication (Isaac, 2001) Two or more authors
When a work has two authors, always cite both names every time the reference occurs. For works with three, four or five authors, cite all authors the first time the reference occurs. In subsequent citations, include only the last name of the first author followed by et.al
Specific parts of a source (Yount & Mohtor, 1982, p.19) (Cooper, 1983, chap.4)
When a work has no authors
Cite in text the first few words of what appears first for the entry on the list (usually the title) and the year.
(“New Student Center,” 2002).
3.4 Modern Language Association (MLA): Style of Referencing
Documenting your research paper according to MLA style (Modern Language Association) requires PARENTHETICAL DOCUMENTTION in the body of the text and preparing a list of Works Cited at the end.
Parenthetical Documentation
Parenthetical documentation informs readers to your paper that you are using information opinions, and ideas from other sources. The unit of a parenthetical documentation – a citation or reference…. Consists of a name or a title keyword, followed by page the number(s) of the source. Enclose them in parentheses and insert them at the end of sentences or wherever appropriate.
This guide is based on MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers usually in Liberal Arts and Humanities.
• Each entry must include a label indicating the format of the item like Print, Web etc.
• Abbreviations are required where need: n.p. for no publisher, n.d. for no date, and n.pag for no pagination.
• Titles should be italicized, not underlined.
• URLS do not need to be included for citations to online materials unless the URL is the only way for the reader to find the web site.
• Volume and issue numbers are included in all citations to journal articles, whether or not the journal is paginated continuously or issue-by issue.
Citations in text: use short parenthetical citations, instead of numbered footnotes, to point the reader to complete information about your sources in your Works cited list:
• The parenthetical usually includes the author’s last name and the page number cited:
(Higgins 25)
• If your Works cited list includes more than one work by an author, the parenthetical should include part of the title: (Higgins, Williams 141)
• If a work has more than one author, use the authors’ last names as used in the citation: (Robertson and McDaniel 53), (Smith et.al)
• If the work does not have an author, the parenthetical should include the first one or two words from the title: (“Venue’s Loss” 8A)
• In some cases, like newspaper articles, films or online works with no page numbers, or if an entire work as being acknowledged, incorporated the author’s name or work title into your sentence instead of using a parenthetical: “in the Wizard of 07…..” or
“Branch report”.
Book, Single Author:
Higgins, John. The Rayound William Reader. Malder: Blackwell Publishers, 2001. Print.
Book, more than one author: list authors’ name in the order they are listed on the book.
Use et.al, for more than three authors.
Robertson, Jean and Crang Mc Daniel. Themes of contemporary Art: Visual Art after 1980. 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 010. Print.
Smith, Mick, et. Al. Emotion, Place and culture. Burlington. VT: Ashgate, 2009. Print.
Work in an anthology
Hallett, Nicky. “Anne Clifford as Orlando: Virginia
Woolf’s Eminist Historwlogy and women’s Biography” Anne Clifford and Lucy Hutchinson. Ed. M.hoko Suzuki. Surrey. England: Ashgate, 2009. 2-22. Print.
Newspaper Article (unsigned)
“Venue’s Loss Brings Back Many Memories” Atlanta Branch, Taylor. “The Clinton Tapes:
Wrestling History with the President” The New York Times 25 Sept. 2009: Books of the Times 29. Dow Jones Factwa. Web 29 Sept., 2009.
Magazine Article: written for scholars and professionals Kratzke, Peter. “Recopying to Revise: Composition in an old Key”. Composition studies 36.2 (208): 9-22 Print.
Article from an online database: include name of database, format (Web) and date material was found. A URL is not required.
Edwards, Kim. “Good Looks and Sex Symbols: The power of the Gaze and the Displacement of the Erotic in Twilight”. Screen Education 53.1 (2009): 26-32.
Communication & Mass Media Complete. Web. 31 October, 2009.
Article from a web site: include web site publisher; if no publisher, substitute N.P. for “no publisher”
Lind, Michael “Why Dilbert is Doomed: The Jobs of Tomorrow are Not what You’d Expect”. Salon. Salon Media Group Inc., 2 November, 2009. Web 15 December, 2009.
Reprinted Article
Hunt, Tim Misreading of Kerouac. “The Review of Contemporary Fiction. 3.2 (Summer 1983) 29-33, Rpt in contemporary Library Criticism. Ed. Roger Matuz and Cathy Falk. Vol. 61. Detroit: Gale Research, 1990.29-33. Print.
Article from a well-known encyclopedia (unsigned) “Tutankhamen”. The New Encyclopedia Britannica: Micropaedia. 15th ed. 2007. Print.
Article from lesser-known encyclopedia (signed)
Schafer, Elizabet D. “Andrew’s Raid”. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War. Eds..
Heidler and Jeanne T Heidler. 5vols. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2000. Print.
Article from online enclopedia on GALILEO
Killam, G.D. “Chinua Achebe”. Dictionary of Literary Biography. Ed. Bernth Lindfors and Reinhard Sander, Vol. 117. Detriot: Gale, 1992. 15-34. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 October, 2009.
Entire web site
Electronic Poetry Center. 2009. SUNY Buffalo. Web. 29 Sept. 2009.
Web page within a larger web site
Martin, Thomas R. “An Overview of classical Greek History from Homer to Alezander”.
Perseus Digital Library. Ed. Gregory R. Crane. 1999. tufts U. web. 25 Sept. 2009 Film or Video
The Wizard of OZ. Screenplay by Noel Langley Florence Ryerson and Edgar Allan Woolf Dir. Victor Fleming. Perf Judy Garland, Ray Bolger, Bert Lahr and Jack Haley.
Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 1939.
4.0 CONCLUSION
Each and every academic discipline has its features that distinguish its aim, content, rules and methods of scholarly inquiry from those of others. Therefore, an academic who wants his/her paper published must first of all understand the principles and guideline recognized and adopted or recommended by the institution; journal, publisher, discipline body or association, organizational paper in which she/he (research) prefers.
5.0 SUMMARY
A brief definition of referencing style was given followed by different types of styles of referencing with each style having its peculiarities with differences in amount of details, referencing and other editorial details. Importance of referencing was also stated while American Psychological Association style APA) and modern language Association style guidelines and format were discussed with relevant examples for proper understanding of how different sources of information should be cited or referenced.
6.0 TUTOR-MARKED ASSIGNMENT (TMA)
1. What do you understand by the concept referencing style?
2. Of what relevance is referencing to academic research work?
3. Which of the referencing house style do you prefer out of the above discussed styles and why?
7.0 REFERENCES/FURTHER READING
American Psychological Association (APA). 2005. Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition (2009)