2. METODOLOGÍA DE ESTUDIO
2.1.1 Aspectos específicos del ámbito de estudio
2.1.1.1 Grado de desarrollo urbanístico en el ámbito de estudio
Purpose
The intent of this guideline is to describe the basic elements of a motor vehicle safety program.
Content
General Overview SO.16-1
Guideline SO.16-2
I. Basic Requirements for Vehicle Operators SO.16-2
II. Safe Vehicles SO.16-3
III. Emergency Procedures SO.16-4
IV. Accident Investigation and Recordability SO.16-5
Resources SO.16-7
General Overview
This guideline provides the basic requirements of a motor vehicle safety program such as the minimum qualifications for drivers, training, and vehicle inspections. Also included is information describing conduct at the scene of an accident and reporting requirements.
Lastly, the guideline includes information on investigating and recording motor vehicle accidents.
Guideline
I. Basic Requirements for Vehicle Operators
A. Driver Qualification
1. Minimum qualifications should be developed for operators of Company owned or leased vehicles. These qualifications may include the driver’s age, physical condition, driving record and level of training.
2. Employees who drive, or may have occasion to drive vehicles while on Company business should possess a driver’s license valid in the country in which they will operate the vehicle. If in compliance with local laws and regulations, operators who are not citizens of the country may operate a Company owned or leased vehicle provided they have a valid International Driver’s License and a valid driver’s license from their home country.
B. Driver’s Responsibilities
Drivers are responsible for the safe, legal, and non-abusive operation of company and rental vehicles. This includes the following:
1. Complying with all local traffic laws and regulations.
2. Driving defensively.
3. Not driving while under the influence of alcohol or drugs.
4. Notifying supervisors when taking prescription medication.
5. Ensuring that all vehicle occupants properly wear their seat belts.
6. Reporting all accidents and incidents to supervisors immediately or as soon as practical.
7. Restrict the use of Company vehicles to work-related activities.
8. Reporting mechanical problems, damage and accidents promptly.
C. Driver Training
1. Driver training should be provided to all employees who drive Company owned or leased vehicles. The training should provide a mix of classroom and on-the-road instruction and should be administered by a skilled instructor. Dependent upon the situation, the following types of training may be offered:
a. Basic – Training for new employees or those reassigned to a position requiring use of company or rental cars.
b. Remedial – Training for drivers who have had accidents.
c. Refresher – Periodic updating of basic training typically provided every 2-3 years. Training that is more frequent may be warranted depending upon the
type of driving or other circumstances (such as new or different equipment, changes in regulations or policies, increased accident frequency, etc).
d. Special – Training provided for the operators of special equipment.
2. Points to Cover
a. Local traffic rules and regulations for the operation of vehicles.
b. Company driving policies and procedures.
c. Defensive driving.
d. Local culture and attitude to driving.
e. Product or cargo knowledge and emergency procedures (as appropriate).
f. What to do in case of an accident.
II. Safe Vehicles
A. Daily Inspections
1. All drivers should inspect their vehicles daily. Any major or safety-related defects must be reported and corrected before the vehicle is used. Minor items not affecting safe operation of the vehicle can be corrected during regularly scheduled preventive maintenance.
2. For some vehicles such as buses and passenger pool vehicles, a formal pre-trip inspection should be performed and documented by the operator. The following items should be inspected:
a. Brakes should apply evenly to all wheels.
b. Headlights should function properly.
c. All stop lights, turn lights, rear lights, warning lights, and side-marker lights should function properly.
d. Tires should be inflated to recommended pressures, have adequate tread, and should be free of cuts, breaks or other defects.
e. Steering wheels should be free from excessive play. Front wheels should be properly aligned.
f. Windshield wipers should wipe clean and not streak or skip any of the glass.
g. Window glass should be free from cracks, discoloration, dirt, or stickers that might obscure vision.
h. Horns should be functional.
i. Rearview mirrors should be installed so that the driver has a clear view to the rear and sides of the vehicle.
j. Stalling or lugging problems should be corrected.
k. All instruments should work properly.
l. Exhaust systems should be checked for leaks.
m. Where practical to do so, the vehicle should also be equipped with a spare tire and essential tools for road repairs.
B. Preventive Maintenance
In addition to a driver’s daily inspection of a vehicle, periodic preventive maintenance is essential. A preventive maintenance program based on either mileage or operating hours of the equipment (as recommended by the manufacturer or Company
procedures) should be implemented to determine when to perform routine vehicle maintenance.
III. Emergency Procedures
A. In Case of an Accident
When a Company owned or leased vehicle is involved in an accident, the priority at the scene of the accident should always be to provide assistance to anyone injured and to cooperate fully with authorities. In some locations, however, this may not be practical or advisable and therefore, established local procedures should be followed.
Otherwise, use the following guidelines:
1. Render aid to the injured. Call for medical assistance or ask someone else to call.
2. Protect the scene. Place warning devices such as flares or reflective triangles to warn other drivers. If the accident involves a spill of gasoline or other flammable liquid, remove all sources of ignition from the scene of the accident. If this is not possible, move a safe distance away from the scene.
3. Identify yourself to authorities and the other party and cooperate as necessary.
4. Do not make statements regarding responsibility or argue with anyone.
5. Begin gathering information to report the accident and for the investigation.
6. If the use of alcohol or drugs is suspected, the driver should be taken for testing as soon as possible.
B. Accident Reporting
1. Drivers shall immediately report all motor vehicle accidents to their supervisor and to security as soon as practical following an accident.
2. Motor vehicle accidents should be documented on a form such as the GO-407 (Report of Motor Vehicle Accident) and GO-407-1 (Memorandum of Accident).
These forms are available on the Chevron Intranet. From the Home page under Resources, go to Go Forms.
3. The driver’s supervisor should review and sign the accident report before forwarding the document to local management for review.
C. Gathering Data
1. To the extent possible, the driver is responsible for the initial gathering of
information at the accident scene. Dependent upon the seriousness of the accident or injuries to the driver, the driver’s supervisor should be prepared to gather data necessary to ensure a thorough investigation.
2. Record the time and location of the accident.
3. List the names of the drivers, passengers, and pedestrians involved. Include information about injuries resulting from the accident.
4. Locate witnesses and obtain signed statements. If this is not possible, obtain names and addresses.
5. Draw a diagram of the accident scene.
6. Indicate the point of impact.
7. Show the direction of approach for all vehicles and pedestrians. Show vehicles not directly involved if the position of these vehicles affected the accident.
8. Show where the vehicles came to rest after the collision.
9. Describe the weather conditions at the time of the accident.
10. Note the construction and condition of the roadway.
11. Indicate landmarks.
12. Indicate contributory conditions such as the position of the sun, trees, utility poles, etc.
13. Indicate sight distances and obstructions.
14. Show skid marks.
15. If a camera is available, take photographs showing the accident scene from various angles, the travel paths of each vehicle (in both directions) and the damage to each vehicle.
IV. Accident Investigation and Recordability
A. Accident Investigation
The following accidents should be thoroughly investigated using a technique to determine root cause:
1. Accidents with fatalities or personal injuries.
2. Accidents resulting in property damage.
3. Accidents involving the transportation of explosives or other dangerous articles where the nature of the cargo may have contributed to the accident.
4. Vehicles or loads of abnormal dimensions or weight.
5. Unusual circumstances.
B. Causes of Motor Vehicle Accidents
Using the information gathered at the scene of the accident, the following points should be considered during any accident investigation.
1. Driver's fit for duty – Human behavior is a primary cause in many incidents. A number of driver-related hazards should be considered: familiarity with the vehicle and risks involved; adequacy of defensive driving skills; stress; fatigue;
failure to use safety equipment; lacking in knowledge of cargo or product; and blinded by glare or other obstructions.
An examination of the driver's activities at least 24 hours or more before the accident may help determine if the driver's physical and mental condition contributed to the accident.
2. The trip – Details concerning the trip can be helpful when investigating an accident. Consider information such as the origin, destination, distances traveled, trip time, and stops in route.
3. Speed – Because it is a contributing factor in many accidents, speed should be given special consideration. Every effort should be made to accurately determine the speed of the vehicles involved in the accident.
4. Intersection accidents – Regardless of signs or signals, intersections should be approached cautiously while slowing to allow the vehicle to stop if necessary.
5. Accidents involving right-of-way – Check local laws for rules on right-of-way.
6. Rear-end collisions – Proper following distances must be maintained.
7. Out-of-position accidents – Caused by driving on the wrong side of the road and by making U-turns or turns from the wrong lane.
8. Vehicle hazards and mechanical failures – Hazards associated with the vehicle should be considered during the investigation. These include the following: poor vehicle design or unfit for purpose; lack of safety features; overloading or inappropriate weight distribution; and inadequate maintenance. Reports of mechanical failure should be verified by those responsible for vehicle maintenance.
C. Recording Motor Vehicle Accidents
1. Classifying and recording motor vehicle fleet accidents in Chevron is determined in accordance with ANSI (American National Standards Institute) Standards D15.1 and D16.1.
2. A motor vehicle accident is defined as any occurrence involving a Company owned or leased motor vehicle that results in death, injury, or property damage beyond normal wear and tear, unless such vehicle is properly parked.
3. Those occurrences that result because of errors in judgement or technique of drivers (company driver or the other driver) or of maintenance are to be considered recordable motor vehicle accidents.
4. A frequency rate of motor vehicle accidents should be developed using the ANSI standard based on the number of motor vehicle accidents per 1,000,000 miles traveled. The frequency rate is equal to the number of fleet accidents multiplied by 1,000,000 divided by the number of miles accumulated by the fleet.
Resources
Accident Prevention Manual for Business & Industry, National Safety Council, 1992.
ANSI D15.1-1976, Method of Recording and Measuring Motor Vehicle Fleet Accident Experience and Passenger Accident Experience, American National Standards Institute, 1976.
ANSI D16.1-1996, Manual on Classification of Motor Vehicle Traffic Accidents, National Safety Council, 1997.
Driver Improvement Program, Chevron, March 1977.
Driver Training Manual, Chevron, October 1973.
Guidelines for Reporting Environmental, Safety, Fire and Health Related Incidents to COPI (San Ramon) and Corporate Management, Chevron, August 1993.
Land Transport Safety Guidelines, The E&P Forum, September 1996.
Land Transport Safety Management System, Tengizchevroil, 1998.
Loss Prevention Guide No. 14, Reporting Motor Vehicle Accidents and or Accidental Damage, Chevron, February 1985.
Motor Fleet Safety Manual, National Safety Council, 1972.
Motor Vehicle Operation, Marketing Operations Procedure, SO-531, Chevron, March 1994.
Professional Truck Driver’s Manual, Chevron, February 1998.