Grupo terapéutico H05BA: Calcitoninas

The following information has been taken from the OECD publication “Nuclear Energy Programmes in OECD/NEA Countries” (1995) [7]. Table 4 lists the nuclear power plants in Germany. Details of nuclear power plants other than the UK, Spain, France and Germany are given in Table 5.

Belgium

Although small amounts of electricity were being supplied to the grid from the experimental reactors BR3 at Mol by as early as 1962, nuclear power generation in Belgium first began on an industrial scale in 1974 with the entry into commercial service of reactor 1 at the Doel nuclear power plant. In 1975 Doel 2 and Tihange 1 entered into commercial service. Unit 3 at Doel and Tihange 2 entered into commercial service in 1982 followed in 1985 by Doel 4 and Tihange 3. Plans to build an eight nuclear power plant, on which work has already been started by the electricity companies were considered no longer necessary by the Belgian Government in 1988. Nuclear Power currently meets almost 18% of Belgium’s total primary energy

total net electricity production in Belgium. Two fuel cycle facilities are currently in service in Belgium namely a uranium fuel fabrication plant at Dessel with a production capacity of 400 tonnes/year and a MOX fuel fabrication plant also located at Dessel with a rated capacity of 35 tonnes/year. The Eurochemic pilot spent fuel reprocessing plant remained in operation until 1974 and is currently being decommissioned.

Units 1 and 2 of the Doel nuclear power plant are owned by Electrabel. Tihange unit 1 is owned by SEMO a company in which Electrabel and EDF both have a 50% share holding. Doel units 3 and 4 and Tihange units 2 and 3 are owned jointly by Electrabel and SPE. All Belgian nuclear power plants are operated by Electrabel. SA SYNATOM is responsible for managing all aspects of the fuel cycle ranging from the procurement of uranium to the reprocessing of spent fuel, but excluding fuel fabrication (which is managed by the Electrabel design bureau), off site waste management and the direct disposal of package fuel assemblies. FBFC international, a privately owned Belgium company and a subsidiary of the French company FBFC operates the uranium fuel fabrication plant, while the MOX fuel fabrication plant is operated on behalf of the Belgian Government by Belgo-nucleaire (a joint venture between Electrabel and CEN at Mol).

The OECD state that first permanent shutdown of a power generating nuclear reactor in Belgium is not expected to take place for some time. In view of this no clear strategy has yet been drawn up towards the decommissioning of nuclear power plants, although the subject has been discussed in detail. From a licensing standpoint, the plant will have to change from operational to decommissioned status and receive the necessary approvals from the licensing authorities.

Two nuclear facilities are currently being decommissioned:

The prototype BR3 reactor. It has been decided that the reactor internals will be dismantled immediately in order to test dismantling techniques. The CEN is currently drawing up a decommissioning and dismantling plan for the rest of the installation. The Eurochemic pilot reprocessing plant. Given that the plant is currently contaminated by alpha isotopes, it is expected that decommissioning will proceed without any delay.

The following Nuclear Sites exist in Belgium:

• Doel (Nuclear Power Plant)

• Tihange (Nuclear Power Plant)

• Fleurus (Research and Development Centre)

• Mol/Dessel (Nuclear Fuel Cycle Facility, radioactive waste storage/disposal facility and R&D centre)

Germany

Nuclear Energy R&D has been supported by the Federal Government since 1956 under 4 atomic energy programmes, and since 1977 under more general energy R&D programmes. Four nuclear research centres were established, two of which engaged in the development of different reactor lines, one of these also in the reprocessing of

spent fuel and one in radiation protection and waste disposal. In 1994 the total capacity of the power stations in Germany amounted to approximately 123 GWe or 18.4%, produced by 21 commercial nuclear reactors at 16 sites. All nuclear power plants in the former German Democratic Republic were shutdown for safety reasons after German unification.

Several utilities are operating the 21 nuclear power plants including 14 PWRs and 7 BWRs, all of which were constructed by KWU (now a part of Siemens). Numerous facilities, all operated by private companies, cover the various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle, one uranium ore processing facility, three uranium storage facilities, one enrichment plant, four fuel element fabrication plants, three interim storage facilities for spent fuel, 16 external waste interim storage facilities and one final repository. Two other final repositories are in preparation. The former uranium mining industry Wismut carries out a comprehensive uranium mine and mill decommissioning rehabilitation programme. The Federal Office for Radiation Protection (Bundesmat fur Strahlenschutz, BfS) is responsible for the construction and operational of federal facilities for the final disposal of radioactive waste. The German company for the construction and Operation of Repositories for Waste Materials (Deutsche Gessekschaft zum Bau und Betreib von Endlagern fur Abfallstoffe mbH) will plan, erect and operate repositories for BfS.

The Atomic Energy Act stipulates that a license is required for the decommissioning, safe closure as well as dismantling of a facilities (or parts of it). There is no obligation to completely dismantle a facility after its final shutdown. The ultimate goal of the decommissioning process is to enable the site to be used without any restrictions from the radiological point of view or to continue using it under the Atomic Energy Act. In practical terms the owner of a facility can propose a decommissioning strategy, apply for a license according to the above mentioned options, and submit the necessary documentation covering all relevant aspects so that a safety assessment can be made by the licensing authority. All decommissioning work is supervised by bodies acting in behalf of the licensing authority.

Commercial Nuclear Power Plants in Operation in Germany are situated at Biblis, Brokdorf, Brunsbuettel, Emsland, Grafenrheinfeld, Grohnde, Gundremmingen, Isar, Krummel, Mulheim-Karlich, Neckarwestheim, Obrigheim, Phillipsburg, Stade, Unterweser and Wurgassen.

Italy

After the Chernobyl accident a decision was made by the Italian parliament in December 1987 to start a moratorium which led to the definitive closure of the 150 MWe plant at Latina, the programmed shutdown of the 860 MWe plant at Caorso (near Piacenza) and the 260 MWe plant at Trino (near Vercelli) and a halt in the construction of a 2000 MWe plant in Montalto di Castro (near Rome) and of a second unit at Trino. Consequently there is no nuclear power production in Italy, although a number of research facilities are still in operation.

The licensing and control of nuclear installations is the responsibility of ANPA, the National Environmental Protection Agency which has taken over responsibility from ENEA-DISP ( the Directorate for Nuclear Safety and Health Protection). Nuclear Research is conducted by ENEA (the National Agency for New Technology, Energy and the Environment), ENEL (the National Electric Utility), Italian industry, universities and CNR (Italian National Research)

Plant decommissioning is carried out according to standard accepted procedures, removal of radioactive materials, decontamination, dismantling of plant components and dismantling of structures. regarding power plants, advanced and planned decommissioning activities are in progress only at the Garigliano reactor. The Latina and Trino plants have been totally defuelled and the Caorso plant has a fuel load in the vessel and a load in the pool. The situation regarding ENEA facilities is that the IFEC fuel fabrication plant at the Saluggia Research Centre has been fully decontaminated and declassified. Other installations are in the initial decommissioning phase (i.e. removal of radioactive materials).

Commercial Nuclear Power Plants

Caorso (shut down in 1990), Garigliano (shut down in 1982), Latina (shutdown in 1987) and Trino (shutdown in 1990).

Finland

In the 1960s nuclear power was seen as one means of meeting the growing electricity demand in countries like Finland which have limited indigenous energy sources. It was also recognised that the size of the country’s nuclear power programme would not be large enough to warrant domestic fuel fabrication or reprocessing. The contract to build the first nuclear power plant was signed in 1970 and was followed within a time of 4 years by three others. The first unit started commercial operation in 1977 and the last one in 1982. There are no plans to build further units at present and with the existing four units there are no plans to shut any of them down before the end of their commercial lifetime.

At the end of 1994, the total nuclear power plant generation was 2.3 GWe (29.5% of domestic energy production in 1994). There are two nuclear power plants in Finland, each with two operating units. The Loviisa NPP has two Russian designed PWRs (VVER 440/213) with a gross capacity of 465 MWe (net capacity of 445 MWe each. The Olkiluoto NPP has two BWRs with a gross capacity of 735 MWe (net capacity 710 MWe) each.

There are two Finnish nuclear power plant operators: Imatran Voima Oy (IVO) and Teollisuuden Voima Oy (TVO). IVO is a diversified energy company owned by the Finnish state (95.6%) and the Social Insurance Institution (4.4%). IVO operated the Loviisa NPP. TVO operates te NPP at Olkiluoto. Private industrial companies own about half of TVO’s shares, while state owned and other public companies won the other half. Finland has no uranium mines nor any enrichment or reprocessing facilities. Therefore both nuclear power companies depend on foreign supply of Uranium as well as conversion, enrichment and fabrication services.

There are no decommissioning projects under way or foreseen in the near future. The utilities shall update decommissioning plans for the NPPs which are reviewed by the authorities every five years. The latest decommissioning plans were published at the end of 1993.

Sweden

The Swedish nuclear programme started in the 1950s with a research programme. The first commercial nuclear power plant began operation in 1972. Today Sweden has a nuclear power system that consists of 12 nuclear plants at 4 sites. The Swedish energy policy set out in 1980 included a decision to phase out all nuclear power stations by 2010 and this is unchanged. Electricity generation from nuclear power averages 72 TWh per year, meeting about half of the electricity generation needed in Sweden. The holder of a permit for nuclear technology activities is responsible for safe management of the power plant and safe disposal of the radioactive residual products. The four utilities operating nuclear power plants in Sweden are Vattenfall AB, BKAB, OKG AB and Forsmark Kraftgrupp AB. These utilities have jointly formed the organisation Svensk Karnbranslehantering AB (Swedish Nuclear Fuel and Waste Management company SKB). SKB is responsible for managing and disposal of spend fuel and other radioactive waste from nuclear power plants, as well as that from hospitals and research.

When the reactors are decommissioned after the year 2010, there will be decommissioning wastes with a volume of 100,000 m3. It is expected that these wastes will be stored underground in facilities at SFR.

Sweden has a large nuclear programme comprising of 12 reactors, one nuclear fuel plant, a research reactor and a complete system for managing radioactive waste, including a temporary storage facility for spent fuel, an underground repository for low and intermediate reactor waste and a transport system.

Nuclear power plants are situated at Barsebaeck, Forsmark, Oskarshamn and Ringhals. Radioactive waste storage/disposal facilities are also situated at Forsmark and Oskarshamn.

Netherlands

In 1968, the NPP at Dodewaard was connected to the electricity grid. In 1971, the Borssele nuclear power plant came into operation. There is no formal discussion on a moratorium or phasing-out of the nuclear power plants as a result of a political decision or referendum. No new plants however are foreseen in the future. Nuclear power stations account for approximately 2.6% of the total electricity generating capacity in the Netherlands, while generating 5.1% of the electricity in 1994. The Dodewaard plant has been shutdown since January 1997, whereas the facility at

Uranium enrichment in the Netherlands is carried out by Urenco Nederland BV which belongs to a multinational company, Urenco Ltd.. This group has three shareholders Ultra Centrifuge Netherlands (UCN) (99% owned by the government), Uranit in Germany and BNFL in the UK. The Joint Nuclear Power Plant of the Netherlands Ltd. (NV GKN) operates the Dodewaard plant, while the Electricity Generating Company Ltd. for the Southern Netherlands (NV EPZ) operates the Borssele plant. Radioactive waste storage activities are carried out by the Central Organisation for Radioactive Waste Management Ltd. (NV CORVA). Currently no projects on the decommissioning of nuclear facilities are in operation or under construction.

In addition to the two nuclear power plants there is a nuclear fuel cycle facility at Almelo and a R&D centre at Petten.

Portugal

There are no nuclear power plants in Portugal. Consequently there are no fuel cycle facilities associated with fuel fabrication and enrichment operations. There is a research reactor and also some uranium ore processing facilities.

Details of Extrapolation of Available Data to Other