Guardar borrador

After collecting the data, the next step would be to analyse the data. Qualitative data analysis begins at the data collection stage (Schutt and Chambliss, 2006:194). Neuman, 1994:426) describes “data analysis as a search for patterns in data-recurrent behaviours, objects or a body of knowledge.” Relatedly, Bogdan and Biklen (2003:145) define qualitative data analysis as an act of working with the data, organising them, breaking them into manageable units, coding them, synthesising them, and searching for patterns”. In support of the above contention, Creswell (2007) explained that data analysis also include categorising the data according to their meanings and identifying patterns, regularities, and critical events. In as much, this section analysed data from both interview questions and questionnaires. It is the

118 analysis and discussion of the collected data that made this study a worthwhile activity.

Through data analysis, information collected by the researcher was given some meaning.

4.9.1 Analysis of data from the interview process

Consequently, these were the ideas that informed data analysis from the interview process for this study:

 reading all field notes, and composing journal entries multiple times to get a full grasp of what was said and observed;

 listening to all audio tapes multiple times and transcribing the taped messages verbatim;

 reading of all interview transcripts multiple times;

 coding all data that was gathered by interview manually;

 composing the final report.

In addition to the ideas given above, data analysis for this study followed these three steps as according to Leedy and Ormrod (2005) and Creswell (2007:148):

 Step 1: involved organisation of data analysis in qualitative studies, required organisation of data into a logical structures.

 Step 2: involved reducing the data into themes through a process of coding and condensing the codes.

 Step 3 involved representing the data in figures, tables, or a discussion.

Basing on information given above, the data analysis from interviews for this study followed a structured procedure that started with listening intently to the audio recorded interviews.

The next step in the analysis process was to code the data. At this stage, which De Vos (2005:335) refers to as ‘the heart of qualitative data analysis’, correlations between the different postulations of participants were identified. After completing all the interview questions, the transcribed data was analysed, using tables to summarise all the information on each of the different issues that formed the focus of the interviews.

Given that qualitative data tends to be inductive (McQueen and Knussen, 1999:222, Schutt and Chambliss, 2006:194), it was necessary to identify important categories in the data.

Thus, information from interview participants was placed into different categories and themes by the researcher. Coding was done by the researcher manually. The codes follow thematic patterns that emerged as the researcher interrogated the data. The coded emergent themes were assigned numbers for easier identification by the researcher. The analysis also incorporated the researcher’s own perceptions, understanding and observations made during

119 the fieldwork. Presentation of the results of this study was done in discussion form and each of the identified themes was discussed. These themes became the results of the study and they are presented in Table 0.11:

Code Number Core Theme

One Borrowing

Two Loan translation

Three Compounding

Four Coining

Five Derivation

Six Semantic expansion

Seven Synonymys and polysemy

Eight Indigenous Languages as medium of instruction Nine Government effort in language planning

Ten Attitudes of target users Eleven Etymology purity

Table 0-11: Codes and emergent themes of the study

The discussion was based on the responses to the research questions of this study.

4.9.2 Analysis of data from questionnaires

Data that was collected from the participant questionnaire was analysed following ideas from Merriam (2002) and Trochim (2006). They focus on the description; discussion and reporting of these qualitative survey data sets. Firstly, the researcher manually transferred the responses from the questionnaires into items and these were tabulated. In the Table the column headings were in the form of question number and the rows showed each person’s responses. Each possible response was assigned a number or ‘code’. The researcher then went through each respondent’s questionnaire in turn, adding in the codes. This is called data coding, which means the transformation of questionnaire answers into a format that the researcher would easily understand. The research assistants were then asked to check some of the data for accuracy. When all the data was verified and presented as correct, the researcher then calculated how many people had selected each response. This was counted up manually. The researcher then set up tables and figures to display the data. At this stage, the researcher also checked for any missing data on the questionnaire so that data collected could be easily verified. Then the resultant data was presented and discussed in this study.

120 The discussion brought out the story the data was telling and what it meant with regard to the aims, objectives, research questions of the whole study. In fact, the analysis of questionnaire responses required that the researcher go through a number of interrelated processes that were intended to summarise, organise and transform data into information for the final report of the research findings. The research findings were best presented in table format and graphs followed by discussions. The researcher particularly referred back to the original aims and research questions of the study during the data analysis process so as to keep this analysis focused.

Table 0.12 belowgives an example of how the tabulated results were presented item by item in the form of a Table or Chart:

Item # Agree Percent Disagree Percent

Item 1 x/30 x/100 x/30 x/100

Item 2 x/30 x/100 x/30 x/100

Item 3 x/30 x/100 x/30 x/100

Item 4 x/30 x/100 x/30 x/100

Table 0-12: Showing an example of results tabulation from the questionnaire and interviews

During the analysing process, open-ended questions were coded in the same way as closed response questions, so that the data was easily captured for analysis.Interesting responses were quoted verbatim in the final report.