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6.2 6.2 6.2

6.2 BIPHONIC SIGNSBIPHONIC SIGNSBIPHONIC SIGNS BIPHONIC SIGNS

as in long as in great house

6.3 COMMENTARYCOMMENTARYCOMMENTARYCOMMENTARY A:

A:

A:

A: A biphonic is normally accompanied by a single consonant, ex.

3w 3w 3w 3w

, ( =

3w 3w 3w 3w

^and =

ww w w

^{) which}

complements one of the two letters, leading to its characterization as a "phonetic complement". Either the first letter, or the second letter, or both letters may be complemented. Usually, however, it is the second letter which is so complemented by a following uniphonic sign.³³³³ There are occasions when the biphonic sign, e.g. , may be preceded as well by a phonetic complement, ex. the

bbbb

precedes and the

3333

follows as in , , . In all cases it is transliterated simply as

b3 b3 b3 b3

.

1 In the OK, the Egyptian referred to the palace as the pr-'3, and in some rare instances this term referred to the ruler himself. The word probably passed into English as "pharaoh" from either the Hebrew or the Greek.

2 An adjective is a word used to describe a noun. See Chapter 21.

3 In English we do not write in a repetitive manner, e.g. "That was a go- good -od idea." In Egyptian, the hieroglyphs might be repeated for artistic consideration by filling in an open space in the text. The extra sounds were not pronounced when read.

FFFFIGIGIGIG.... 6.46.4----1.6.46.41.1.1. PRE PRE PRE PRE----DYNASTIC IVORY COMBDYNASTIC IVORY COMBDYNASTIC IVORY COMBDYNASTIC IVORY COMB,,,, METROPOLITAN M METROPOLITAN M METROPOLITAN M METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF USEUM OF USEUM OF USEUM OF ART ART ART ART,,,, NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK NEW YORK....

B BB

B:::: The numerals usually follow the noun they were quantifying and that noun was expressed in its singular, not its plural form:

pr pr pr pr ḫḫḫḫ3333

"house 1,000" meaning "1,000 houses".

6.4 6.4 6.4

6.4 EGYPTIAN PREEGYPTIAN PREEGYPTIAN PRE----HISTORY 12,500 EGYPTIAN PREHISTORY 12,500 HISTORY 12,500 HISTORY 12,500 –––– 3,500 BCE 3,500 BCE 3,500 BCE 3,500 BCE E

EE

EGYPTIAN PREGYPTIAN PREGYPTIAN PREGYPTIAN PRE----HISTORY IS DIVIDED IHISTORY IS DIVIDED IHISTORY IS DIVIDED IHISTORY IS DIVIDED INTO THE FOLLOWING PENTO THE FOLLOWING PENTO THE FOLLOWING PENTO THE FOLLOWING PERIODSRIODSRIODSRIODS::::

Upper Paleolithic I Upper Paleolithic I Upper Paleolithic I

Upper Paleolithic I >12000 BCE>12000 BCE>12000 BCE>12000 BCE Upper Paleolithic IIUpper Paleolithic IIUpper Paleolithic IIUpper Paleolithic II 12000 12000 12000 12000----800080008000 8000 MesolithicMesolithicMesolithicMesolithic 8000 8000 8000 8000----450045004500 4500 NeoliNeoliNeoliNeolithicthicthic thic 4500 4500 4500 4500----350035003500 3500

with cultures developing with cultures developing with cultures developing with cultures developing in the Mesolithic and in the Mesolithic and in the Mesolithic and in the Mesolithic and NeolithicNeolithicNeolithicNeolithic called:called:called: called:

BadarianBadarianBadarianBadarian 5500 5500 5500 5500----400040004000 4000 NaqadaNaqadaNaqadaNaqada I I I I 4000 4000 4000 4000----350035003500 3500 Naqada IINaqada IINaqada IINaqada II 3500 3500 3500 3500----315031503150 3150

During the UUUUPPER PPER PPER PPER PPPPALEOLITHIC ALEOLITHIC ALEOLITHIC ALEOLITHIC IIII period, the population appeared to be composed of mainly nomadic food gatherers. In UPUPUPUP IIIIIIII, however, both camps of fishermen along the banks of the lakes in the western desert and camps of rudimentary agricultural settlements along the banks of the Nile began. One of the noted advancements of the Mesolithic Age was the introduction of the bow and arrow. Towards the end of the period, copper came into widespread use, which is why this period is called the C

C C

CHALCOLITHIC HALCOLITHIC HALCOLITHIC HALCOLITHIC ((((or or or or CCCCOPPEROPPEROPPEROPPER/S/S/S/STONETONETONETONE)))) AAAAGEGEGEGE.

The oldest culture discovered to date in Upper Egypt is called the BBBBADARIANADARIANADARIANADARIAN, named after the excavations at the village of el-Badari, located approximately 300 km. (185 miles) south of Cairo on the east bank of the Nile. Similar cultural remains have been found in the north close to el-Badari and as far as 250 km. (155 miles) to the south. The Badarians were farmers who cultivated wheat and barley, harvested the ripened plants with sickle blades, and stored their harvests in mat lined underground silos.

As a Stone Age people, the Badarians made their arrow points from chert, as well as hammers and maces from harder stones, and knives from flint (a form of chert). Needles and other tools were made from bone.

Badarian cemeteries were often at the edge of the desert, outside the confines of their settlements.

Generally, their graves were oval or circular pits with the bodies placed in a fetal position with the head to the north and the face to the east. The bodies were wrapped in animal skins or mats. Grave goods

FFFFIG IG IG IG 6.46.4----2.6.46.42.2.2. PREPREPREPRE----DYNASTIC DECORATED WDYNASTIC DECORATED WDYNASTIC DECORATED WDYNASTIC DECORATED WAREAREAREARE,,,, METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN METROPOLITAN MUSEUM OF ART MUSEUM OF ART MUSEUM OF ART MUSEUM OF ART,,,, NY NY NY NY....

placed next to the body included small pottery figurines and a variety of thin walled pottery shapes with a distinct red polished body and blackened rim. Pottery was made using the red Nile silt. Although not wheel made, it developed from a coarse ware into a thin walled red and black ware, pieces of which became the indicator sherds of their culture for the archaeologist of today. Stone vases and slate palettes for cosmetic use have also been found in the graves. The Badarians used plant oils as cleansing agents and the cosmetic palettes show remains of green eye-paint. Other items accompanying the deceased were personal articles such as bone and ivory combs, shell and ivory bracelets, stone and copper beads, and weapons.

Remains of Badarian clothing indicate that they knew how to tan hides and weave linen. They were not hunter/gatherers as they domesticated cattle, sheep, goats, pigs, and geese to maintain their sources of protein. In addition, bone fish hooks and barbs have been found indicating that the Badarians fished the Nile to supplement their food supply.

Evidence of the NNNNAQADA AQADA AQADA AQADA IIII culture has been discovered over a distance of some 360 km. (225 miles) in the Nile valley, encompassing all of the Badarian area of settlement as well as extending further south to the 1^st Nile cataract at Aswan. Basaltic jars with flat or footed bases were copied in clay and fired. Naqada I graves were similar in construction to the Badarian, although in such burials the bodies were usually placed with the head to the south and the face to the west.

Remains of the NNNNAQADA AQADA AQADA AQADA IIIIIIII culture have been found in an area comprising all of Egypt and some of northern Nubia as well. Naqada II graves differed from the earlier Badarian and Naqada I in construction. They were larger and had matted roofs with walls lined with wood. Some tombs had plaster and brick lined walls. These burial structures were the precursors of the mastaba tombs which were the preferred

method of burial in the Early Dynastic period (3500-3100). Naqada II bodies were still placed in a fetal position. Stone containers for grave goods were placed near the head while larger storage jars were placed near the feet. A pre-dynastic burial, which has been transported to the British Museum, is shown below.

6.5 DESCRIPTION O 6.5 DESCRIPTION O 6.5 DESCRIPTION O

6.5 DESCRIPTION OF SIGNS ENCOUNTEREDF SIGNS ENCOUNTEREDF SIGNS ENCOUNTEREDF SIGNS ENCOUNTERED SIGN T

SIGN T SIGN T

SIGN TRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATIONRANSLITERATION DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION F40:

F40:

F40:

F40:

3w 3w 3w 3w

[ah-oo] PORTION OF ANIMAL BAPORTION OF ANIMAL BAPORTION OF ANIMAL BAPORTION OF ANIMAL BACKBONE WITH SPINAL CCKBONE WITH SPINAL CCKBONE WITH SPINAL CORD ISSUING AT BOTH CKBONE WITH SPINAL CORD ISSUING AT BOTH ORD ISSUING AT BOTH ORD ISSUING AT BOTH ENDSENDSENDSENDS....

G29:

G29:

G29:

G29:

b3 b3 b3 b3

[bah] STORKSTORKSTORKSTORK. . . . Logo. "soul".

G39:

G39:

G39:

G39:

s3 s3 s3 s3

[sah] PINTAIL DUCKPINTAIL DUCKPINTAIL DUCKPINTAIL DUCK.... Logo. "son".

M12:

M12:

M12:

M12:

ḫḫḫḫ3333

^{[khah] LEAFLEAFLEAFLEAF,,,, STALK STALK STALK STALK,,,,} AND RHIZOME OF LOTU AND RHIZOME OF LOTU AND RHIZOME OF LOTU AND RHIZOME OF LOTUSSSS. . . . Logo. for the number 1,000.

M23:

M23:

M23:

M23:

sw sw sw sw

[soo] PLANT REGARDED AS TYPLANT REGARDED AS TYPLANT REGARDED AS TYPLANT REGARDED AS TYPICAL OF UEPICAL OF UEPICAL OF UEPICAL OF UE....

O29:

O29:

O29:

O29: , , , ,

'3 '3 '3 '3

[ah-ah] WOODEN COLUMNWOODEN COLUMNWOODEN COLUMNWOODEN COLUMN,,,, also written vertically.

FFFFIG IG IG IG 6.46.46.46.4----3.3.3.3. PRE PRE PRE PRE----DYNASTIC BURIALDYNASTIC BURIALDYNASTIC BURIALDYNASTIC BURIAL,,,, BRITISH MUSEUM BRITISH MUSEUM BRITISH MUSEUM BRITISH MUSEUM,,,, LONDON LONDON LONDON LONDON.... NOTE THE FETAL POS NOTE THE FETAL POSITON OF THE NOTE THE FETAL POS NOTE THE FETAL POSITON OF THE ITON OF THE ITON OF THE CORPSE AND THE CORPSE AND THE CORPSE AND THE LOCATION OF THE CORPSE AND THE LOCATION OF THE LOCATION OF THE GRAVE GOODS SURROUNDLOCATION OF THE GRAVE GOODS SURROUNDGRAVE GOODS SURROUNDINGGRAVE GOODS SURROUNDINGINGING IT IT IT IT....

6.5 DESCRIPTION OF 6.5 DESCRIPTION OF 6.5 DESCRIPTION OF

6.5 DESCRIPTION OF SIGNS ENCOUNTERED (CSIGNS ENCOUNTERED (CSIGNS ENCOUNTERED (CSIGNS ENCOUNTERED (CONTINUED)ONTINUED)ONTINUED)ONTINUED) SIGN T

SIGN T SIGN T

SIGN TRANSRANSRANSRANSLITERATIONLITERATIONLITERATION LITERATION DESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTIONDESCRIPTION V30:

V30:

V30:

V30:

nb nb nb nb

^[neb] WICKERWORK BASKETWICKERWORK BASKETWICKERWORK BASKETWICKERWORK BASKET,,,, "lord", masc. adj. "all".

W19:

W19:

W19:

W19:

m m m mìììì

^[mee] MILK JUG CARRIED IN MILK JUG CARRIED IN MILK JUG CARRIED IN MILK JUG CARRIED IN A NETA NETA NETA NET....

6.6 EXERCISES 6.6 EXERCISES 6.6 EXERCISES 6.6 EXERCISES

TRANSLITERATE AND TR TRANSLITERATE AND TR TRANSLITERATE AND TR

TRANSLITERATE AND TRANSLATE:ANSLATE:ANSLATE:ANSLATE:

Chapter 7

SIGNS AS PHONOGRAMS:

SIGNS AS PHONOGRAMS:

SIGNS AS PHONOGRAMS:

SIGNS AS PHONOGRAMS: TRIPHONICS TRIPHONICS TRIPHONICS TRIPHONICS

7.1 THERE 7.1 THERE 7.1 THERE

7.1 THERE ARE APPROXIMATELY 5 ARE APPROXIMATELY 5 ARE APPROXIMATELY 5 ARE APPROXIMATELY 50 TRIPHONIC SIGNS.0 TRIPHONIC SIGNS.0 TRIPHONIC SIGNS.0 TRIPHONIC SIGNS.

7.2 7.2 7.2

7.2 COMMON TRIPHONIC SIGCOMMON TRIPHONIC SIGCOMMON TRIPHONIC SIGCOMMON TRIPHONIC SIGNSNSNSNS

In document Modulo Registro de Evaluacion para el Simulador Quirurgico (página 92-104)