A number of F. graminearum genes have been disrupted/deleted by either forward or reverse genetics experiments in the search for pathogenicity/virulence factors required by the fungus for full disease-causing ability. These genes and the effect of their disruption on F. graminearum
virulence are summarised in Table 1.2. Interestingly, the CHS5 and CHS7
genes are predicted to bind chitin and may act as chitin synthases (Kim et al.,
2009). Alternatively, the proteins encoded by these genes could serve to prevent host detection of chitin released from invading hyphae in a manner similar to that of the Ecp6 protein of Cladosporium fulvum (de Jonge et al.,
Table 1.2. Characterised genes in F. graminearum. Accession numbers, where not otherwise available, are provided based on the gene locus ID number as defined in the first version of the F. graminearum genome gene call (FG1, Broad Institute, MIPS).
Gene locus ID Gene name Accession Putative function encoded
Phenotype of
deletion/disruption Host tested Reference
FGSG_02506 ADE5 XP_382682.1 Phosphoribosylamine-glycine ligase Reduced virulence Barley
Kim et al., 2007
FGSG_01939 ARG2 XP_382115.1 Acetylglutamate synthase Reduced virulence Barley
Kim et al., 2007
FGSG_02324 AUR1 XP_382500.1 Aurofusarin synthesis
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Urban et al., 2003
FGSG_01932 CBL1 EAA68828 Cystathionine beta-lyase Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Maize
Seong et al., 2005
FGSG_01364 Cch1 XP_381540.1 Voltage-gated calcium ion channel
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Hallen and Trail, 2007
FGSG_01964 CHS5 XP_382140.1 Chitin synthase Reduced virulence Barley
Kim et al., 2009
FGSG_12039 CHS7 EAA69453 Chitin synthase Reduced virulence Barley
Kim et al., 2009
FGSG_04355 CID1 XP_384531.1 Cyclin-C like Reduced virulence Wheat
Zhou et al., 2009
Reduced virulence Maize
Zhou et al., 2009
FGSG_06631 CPS1 XM_386807 Adenylate forming enzymes Reduced virulence Wheat
Lu et al., 2003
FGSG_02095 FBP1 XP_382271.1 F-box protein Reduced virulence Barley
Han et al., 2007 FGSG_05159 FET3 XP_385335.1 Ferroxidase Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Greenshields et al., 2007
FGSG_05906 FGL1 AAQ23181 Secreted Lipase Reduced virulence Maize
Voigt et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Wheat
Voigt et al., 2005
FGSG_01665 FSR1 EAA68366 Signalling scaffold protein Reduced virulence Barley
Shim et al., 2006
FGSG_00332 FTL1 XP_380508.1 Transducin beta-like Reduced virulence Wheat
Ding et al., 2009
FTR1 Not available Iron permease
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Park et al., 2006
FTR2 Not available Iron permease
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Park et al., 2006
FGSG_05955 GCS1 XP_386131.1 Glycosylceramide synthase Reduced virulence Wheat
Ramamoorthy et al., 2007b
Reduced virulence Maize
Ramamoorthy et al., 2007b Unaffected pathogenicity Arabidopsis thaliana Ramamoorthy et al., 2007b Unaffected pathogenicity Tomato Ramamoorthy et al., 2007b
FGSG_02328 GIP1 XP_382504.1 Putative laccase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Kim, JE et al., 2005
FGSG_05535 GPA1 XP_385711.1 G protein alpha subunit
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Yu et al., 2008
FGSG_09614 GPA2 XP_389790.1 G protein alpha subunit Reduced virulence Barley
Yu et al., 2008
FGSG_04104 GPB1 XP_384280.1 G protein beta subunit Reduced virulence Barley
Yu et al., 2008 FGSG_06385 GPMK1 AAL73403 MAPK Loss of pathogenicity Wheat Jenczmionka et al., 2003
FGSG_06385 GPMK1 AAL73403 MAPK Loss of pathogenicity Wheat Urban et al., 2003 Loss of pathogenicity Arabidopsis thaliana Urban et al., 2003 Loss of pathogenicity Tomato Urban et al., 2003 FGSG_03964 GRS1 XP_384140.1 Polyketide synthase Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_09988 GPA3 XP_390164.1 G protein alpha subunit
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Yu et al., 2008
HIS7 Not available Glutamine aminotransferase
Loss of
pathogenicity Barley
Seo et al., 2007
FGSG_09197 HMR1 XP_389373.1 HMG-CoA Reductase Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2006
FGSG_09612 HOG1 XP_389788.1 MAPK Reduced virulence Wheat
Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a Unaffected pathogenicity Tomato Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a
LIP1 EAA67628 Secreted lipase
Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Feng et al., 2005 Unaffected pathogenicity Barley Feng et al., 2005 FGSG_06680 Mes1 XP_386856.1
Homologue of Aspergillus nidulans
MesA Reduced virulence Wheat
Rittenour and Harris, 2008
FGSG_05658 metE EAA75229 Homoserine O-acetyltransferase Reduced virulence Wheat
Han et al., 2004 FGSG_10313 MGV1 AAM13670 MAPK Loss of pathogenicity Wheat Hou et al., 2002 Loss of pathogenicity Tomato Hou et al., 2002
FGSG_10825 MSY1 EAA75179 Methionine synthase Reduced virulence Maize
Seong et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2005
FGSG_05593 MT2 XP_385769.1 Sphingolipid C-9 methyltransferase Reduced virulence Wheat
Ramamoorthy et al., 2009 Reduced virulence Arabidopsis thaliana Ramamoorthy et al., 2009
Reduced virulence Tomato
Ramamoorthy et al., 2009
Reduced virulence Maize
Ramamoorthy et al., 2009
FGSG_00376 NOS1 XP_380552.1 Ubiquinone oxidoreductase Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Maize
Seong et al., 2005
FGSG_03747 NPS6 XP_383923.1 Non-ribosomal peptide synthetase Reduced virulence Wheat
Oide et al., 2006
FGSG_07118 OS1 XM_387294 Histidine kinase Not known
Ochiai et al., 2007
FGSG_00408 OS4 XM_380584 MAP KKK Not known
Ochiai et al., 2007
FGSG_08691 OS5 XM_388867 MAP K Not known
Ochiai et al., 2007
FGSG_09182 PGL1 XP_389358.1 Black perithecial pigment synthesis
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_10548 PKS1 AAS57885 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_01790 PKS11 AAS57295 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_12040 PKS12 Not available Polyketide synthase Not known
Kim et al., 2007
FGSG_02395
PKS13
(ZEA2) ABB90282 Zearalenone synthesis
Unaffected pathogenicity Barley Gaffoor et al., 2005; Kim, YT et al., 2005 Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Gaffoor et al., 2005 FGSG_03340 PKS17 XP_383516.1 Polyketide synthase Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_04694 PKS2 AAS57287 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_12126 PKS4 (ZEA1) ABB90283 Zearalenone synthesis
Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Gaffoor et al., 2005; Lysoe et al., 2006 Unaffected pathogenicity Barley Gaffoor et al., 2005; Lysoe et al., 2006
FGSG_05794 PKS5 AAS57290 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_08208 PKS6 AAS57291 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_08795 PKS7 AAS57292 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Gaffoor et al., 2005
FGSG_10464 PKS9 AAS57293 Polyketide synthase
Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Gaffoor et al., 2005 FGSG_08695 PLS1 XP_388871.1 Tetraspanin Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Rittenour and Harris, 2008
FGSG_05061 PPG1 XP_385237.1 Pheromone precursor Not known
Kim et al., 2008
FGSG_02655 PRE2 XP_382831.1 Peromone receptor Not known
Lee et al., 2008
FGSG_04111 PTC1 XP_384287.1 Type 2C protein phosphatase Reduced virulence Wheat
Jiang et al., 2010
FGSG_09778 RAS1 XP_389954.1 Ras GTPase
Not known, appears to be essential
Bluhm et al., 2007
FGSG_10114 RAS2 XP_390290.1 Ras GTPase Reduced virulence Maize
Bluhm et al., 2007
Reduced virulence Wheat
Bluhm et al., 2007
FGSG_05371 SID1 XM_385547 Siderophore biosynthetic gene Reduced virulence Wheat
Greenshields et al., 2007 FGSG_05484 STE11 XP_385660.1 MAPKKK Loss of pathogenicity Wheat Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a Loss of pathogenicity Tomato Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a FGSG_09903 STE7 XP_390079.1 MAPKK Loss of pathogenicity Wheat Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a Loss of pathogenicity Tomato Ramamoorthy et al., 2007a
FGSG_00950 SYN1 XP_381126.1 Syntaxin-like SNARE Reduced virulence Barley
Hong et al., 2010
FGSG_09928 SYN2 XP_390104.1 Syntaxin-like SNARE Reduced virulence Barley
Hong et al., 2010
FGSG_00332 TBL1 EAA69638 Transducin beta-subunit Reduced virulence Maize
Seong et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2005
2010
TRI10 AF365969 Transcription factor Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2009
FGSG_03543 TRI14 EAA72509 DON toxin biosynthesis Reduced virulence Wheat
Dyer et al., 2005
FGSG_03537 TRI5 AAM90953 Trichodiene synthase
Unaffected
pathogenicity Oat
Proctor et al., 1995b
Reduced virulence Rye
Proctor et al., 1995b Unaffected pathogenicity Maize Proctor et al., 1995b
Reduced virulence Wheat
Proctor et al., 1995b Unaffected pathogenicity Arabidopsis thaliana Cuzick et al., 2008
FGSG_03536 TRI6 BAA83722 Transcription factor Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2009
ZEB1 ABB90284 Zearalenone synthesis
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Kim, YT et al., 2005
FGSG_02398 ZEB2 EAA67238 Zearalenone synthesis
Unaffected
pathogenicity Barley
Kim, YT et al., 2005
FGSG_01555 ZIF1 EAA68510 b-ZIP transcription factor Reduced virulence Maize
Seong et al., 2005
Reduced virulence Wheat
Seong et al., 2005 FGSG_00007 XP_380183.1 Unknown Increased virulence Wheat Gardiner et al., 2009 FGSG_00416 XP_380592.1
Major Facilitator Superfamily
Transporter Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_01974 XP_382150.1
Similar to HET-C2 glycolipid transfer
protein Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_02077 XP_382253.1 Unknown Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_02549 XP_382725.1 Phosphoglycerate mutase family Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008 FGSG_04510 XP_384686.1 Unknown Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_04610 XP_384786.1 Similar to maltose permease
Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Dufresne et al., 2008 FGSG_07062 XP_387238.1 Unknown Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Dufresne et al., 2008 FGSG_08737 XP_388913.1 Unknown Unaffected pathogenicity Wheat Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_09759 XP_389935.1 Cation efflux family
Unaffected
pathogenicity Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_10057 XP_390233.1 Unknown Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008 FGSG_10397 XP_390573.1 Unknown Increased virulence Wheat Gardiner et al., 2009
FGSG_12019 Not available Unknown Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008
FGSG_12753 Not available Unknown Reduced virulence Wheat
Dufresne et al., 2008