The mainland of Southeast Asia (also known as Indochina) is made up of the mod- ern nations of Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand (formerly Siam), and Vietnam. Like Japan and Korea, the kingdoms and peoples of ancient Southeast Asia were strongly and continuously influenced by China, which borders Southeast Asia to the north. The civilization of India, which lies to the region’s northwest, also helped to shape Southeast Asian lifestyles, traditions, and beliefs. In a broader sense, however, the cultures that developed in Southeast Asia have their own distinct identities.
Northern Vietnam—known as Annam—was controlled by China throughout much of its history. By the 900s the Vietnamese had made several attempts to throw off Chinese dominance. It was not until 939, however, that the people of northern Vietnam won their independence from China. Soon after, Vietnam fell into wide- spread disorder and political violence. Finally, the emergence of several dynasties led to growing stability and the first steps toward the unification of the country.
The Vietnamese civilization that developed during these years was heavily influ- enced by contact with China. For example, Vietnam adopted Mahayana Buddhism from the Chinese. Over time, this form of Buddhism became the guiding philosophy of the Vietnamese culture. Daoism and Confucianism also contributed to the devel- opment of Vietnam’s culture and society. In addition, Vietnam used the writing sys- tem and political organization of the Chinese.
Much of the rest of mainland Southeast Asia was shaped by Indian culture and tradition. Early in the history of Southeast Asia, people from India began to set- tle in the region, many of them perhaps Hindu and Buddhist missionaries.
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Koreans learned to use movable type from the Chinese. They advanced this technology by casting type blocks in metal.
go.hrw.com
KEYWORD: Holt Researcher
FreeFind:Sejong
After reading more about Sejong on the Holt Researcher, use a problem-solving process to evaluate how his adminis- tration improved upon Chinese traditions.
283 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF EAST ASIA
3. Summarizing Copy the graphic organizer below. Label the largest oval China and the others Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia. Use it to identify the institutions and customs that the latter three adopted from China.
4.
a.How did the breakup of the central government in Japan lead to changes in feudal Japanese society?
b. How did China influence the societies of Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia?
5.
Supporting a Point of View What are the advantages and disadvantages of Bushido—the “way of the warrior”—as a code of behavior in feu- dal Japan?
Consider:
• the nature of society in feudal Japan and the val- ues that it emphasized
• the skills and behaviors that could help a person to advance in feudal Japan • the ways a person could express bravery, loyalty,
and honor in daily life
keyword: SP3 HP12
Angkor Wat The temple of Angkor Wat in Cambodia is one of the architectural wonders of the Far East. It is decorated with scenes from Hindu epics.
How does this temple show evidence of Indian influence on Southeast Asian art and beliefs?
1. Defineand explain the significance: kami seppuku shogun daimyo samurai
2. Identify and explain the significance:
Shinto Ashikaga The Tale of Genji Bushido Fujiwara Yi Minamoto Sejong
The Sanskrit language came into use, helping to spread Indian literature and thought. In present-day Cambodia, ruins of the city of Angkor Thom and the huge temple of Angkor Wat offer reminders of Indian influence. Reliefs with scenes from the Hindu epics adorn Angkor Wat, one of the architectural wonders of the Far East. Centered in modern-day Cambodia, the Khmer Empire grew to control much of Southeast Asia in the years between about 850 and about 1250. Khmer rulers, strongly influenced by Indian culture, adopted many Hindu and Buddhist beliefs. For many years, Khmer society embraced the Indian principle of a god-king. The rulers proba- bly used forced labor and income from taxes to build elaborate cities, government cen- ters, and magnificent temple complexes. At the same time, Khmer leaders undertook major construction projects for the public good. These included hospitals, travelers’ rest-houses, and canal and water-control systems designed to encourage rice farming throughout the region.
The Khmer kings’ abuse of their royal powers eventually led to social discon- tent and rebellion. The ideas of Theravada Buddhism became increasingly wide- spread throughout much of Southeast Asia. This Buddhist philosophy had no place for splendid ceremonies, elaborate temples such as Angkor Wat, or the concept of a god-king. Over time, the all-powerful Khmer kings were overthrown and Theravada Buddhism became the predominant form of Buddhism in South- east Asia.
READING CHECK: Categorizing In what ways did Korea and Southeast Asia develop their own cultures despite the influences of China and India?
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SECTION 3REVIEW
Review
Creating a Time Line
Copy the time line below onto a sheet of paper. Complete the time line by filling in the events, individuals, and dates from the chapter that you think were significant. Pick three events and explain why you think they were significant.
Writing a Summary
Using standard grammar, spelling, sentence structure, and punctuation, write an overview of the events in the chapter.
Identifying People and Ideas
Identify the following terms or individuals and explain their significance:
1.Grand Canal 6. Kublai Khan
2.Empress Wu 7. Golden Horde
3.Zen 8. Shinto
4.Diamond Sutra 9. shogun
5.Genghis Khan 10. samurai
Understanding Main Ideas
Section 1 (pp. 266–271)
China under the Sui, Tang, and Sung Dynasties
1.What were the most important developments in Chinese culture during the Sui, Tang, and Sung dynasties?
2.Did life improve for ordinary people during the Sung dynasty? Explain.
Section 2 (pp. 272–275)
The Mongol Empire
3.How were the Mongol nomads able to gain power in China?
4.How did China change under Mongol rule?
Section 3 (pp. 276–283)
Japan, Korea, and Southeast Asia
5.How did Japan’s geography affect its relations with its neighbors?
6.How did China influence Japanese society and culture?
7. What unique features of society in feudal Japan were the result of political confusion?
8.What were the influences of China and India on societies in Korea and Southeast Asia?
Reviewing Themes
1. Global Relations How did proximity to China affect the rest of Asian civilization?
2. Government Why were the rulers of the several Chinese dynasties unable to retain their hold on power?
3. Culture How were the various forms of Buddhism reflected in east Asian cultures?
Thinking Critically
1. Drawing Inferences How did the Sung and Yuan dynasties change China?
2. Identifying Bias Would Marco Polo have said that Kublai Khan’s rule was good for China? Why or why not?
3. Contrasting How did the culture of feudal Japan differ from earlier Japanese culture?
Categorizing Write a report explaining the impact of Chinese culture on life in Mongol society and on Japan. Use the chart below to organize your thoughts before writing.
Writing About History
12
12
A.D. 552 A.D. 1000 A.D. 1573
Mongol society Japanese society
Government
Religion
Art & literature
285 THE CIVILIZATIONS OF EAST ASIA Drawing Inferences
Study the chart below. Then use the information from the chart to answer the questions that follow.
1.Which statement below most accurately describes an inference that may be drawn from the chart?
a. The Sui rulers were generally popular among the people they ruled.
b. Military defeats in Korea probably had little effect on Sui rule at home.
c. The people were probably willing to support heavy imperial spending, since it benefited them.
d. Military defeats in foreign lands may have caused the Sui rulers to lose prestige among their people.
2.The Sui dynasty ruled for a relatively brief period of time. Write a short paragraph in which you analyze some of the factors in the dynasty’s history that might explain why it could not maintain its rule.
Analyzing a Primary Source
Read the following quote from Ibn Batt¯utah, a Moroccan Muslim who traveled in China during the 1300s. Then answer the questions.
“In regard to portraiture there is none . . . who can match . . . [the Chinese] in precision, for in this art they show a marvellous talent. This is a custom of theirs, making portraits of all who pass through their country. In fact they have brought this to such perfection that if a stranger commits any offence that obliges him to flee from China, they send his portrait far and wide. A search is then made for him and wherever the person bearing a resemblance to that portrait is found, he is arrested.”
3.Which statement best describes what you can infer about the Chinese attitude toward foreigners?
a. They wanted to impress them with their artistic ability. b. They respected their privacy.
c. They disliked them.
d. They did not completely trust them.
4.What is your opinion of how the Chinese kept track of strangers? Give reasons for your point of view.
Alternative Assessment
Building Your Portfolio
Culture
Historical China had a powerful influence on the cultures of other nations. Using your text- book and other sources, make a list of ideas, institutions, and advances in mathematics, science, and technology that originated in China. Use a poster board to prepare a map of the world or a collage to trace the spread of these ideas to other civilizations.
Internet Activity: go.hrw.com
KEYWORD: SP3 WH12
Choose a topic on the Civilizations of East Asia to: • understand similarities and differences of Chinese,
Japanese, and Korean art.
• research the early development of Korea, Vietnam, and the Khmer Empire of Southeast Asia.
• learn more about Genghis Khan.
The Sui Dynasty—Successes versus Problems
Some Sui Successes Some Sui Problems • Reunited China • Suffered defeats in Korea • Rebuilt the Great Wall • Constant demands for labor • Constructed canals • Heavy spending
• Built strong central • Excesses at court government
Viking carving of a lion’s head, A.D. 800s
c. A.D. 476
Global Events
The last Western Roman emperor is deposed. c. A.D. 542 Daily Life A devastating plague begins to move across Europe, resulting in a decades-long population decline. A.D. 782 Politics Charlemagne executes Saxon hostages. c. A.D. 797 Daily Life
French kings establish a royal messenger service.
A.D. 455 Global Events Vandals attack Rome. c. A.D. 500 Science and Technology Architects develop the first plans for the Vatican in Rome.
c. A.D. 787
Global Events
The first Viking raids into Britain occur. c. A.D. 750 Daily Life Beds become popular in France and Germany.