CAPÍTULO 1: FUNDAMENTACIÓN TEÓRICA
1.8 Herramientas que gestionan el estándar XBRL
You can lighten the room by draw-ing the curtains or by switchdraw-ing on the light,
hearted You feel light-hearted when you are not worried about anything,
lightly If you tread lightly your footsteps will not be heard,
lightning During the storm flashes of lightning appeared in the sky.
lightning lilac
likable Simon is a likable boy (i.e. people soon or easily like him).
l i k e I like sweets (i;e. I enjoy , eating them), I like J o a n (i.e. I
•n^oy being with her). • Margaret looks very like her sister J a n e . likelihood There is no likelihood
that I shall win the race (i.e. it is not to be expected;) < .
likely It is likely 'to rain today (i.e. rain is to be expected). • A likely candidate is one whom we expect to be successful.
liken You can liken your eye to a camera (i.e. show ways in which the eye is like a camera).
l i k e n e s s I see no likeness between chalk and cheese (i.te. they are different in every way). • Betty painted a likeness (picture) of Pat.
l i k e w i s e Harry fell over the rope and J i m did likewise (i.e. J i m also fell over it).
liking Is the drink to your liking?
(i.e. Is it so made that you will enjoy it?) • J o h n has a liking for adventure stories (i.e. he enjoys reading them).
lilac a bush that has cone-shaped clusters of sweet-smelling tiny flowers, mauve or white in colour;
• the mauve colour of lilac flowers.
lily a plant that grows from a bulb and bears showy flowers — usually white and strongly per-fumed. • T h e lily of the valley is small, sweetly perfumed and has many bell-like flowers hanging from each stem.
l i m b 188 Hon l i m b an arm, leg, or wing of a
creature; • the branch of a tree.
l i m e a white substance, made by burning limestone, which be-comes hot if you wet it; • a fruit like a lemon; • a European tree with heart-shaped leaves and sweet-smelling yellow blossom.
l i m e l i g h t Sheila likes being in the limelight (i.e. she likes to be the centre of attention and admira-tion). • (years ago) a bright stage light made by heating lime, l i m e r i c k a silly, amusing rhyme
of five lines (usually beginning:
'There was a young of ').
l i m e s t o n e a hard rock formed long ago under the sea, now used for making cement, etc.
l i m i t There is a speed limit of 30 m.p.h. in towns,
l i m i t e d Only a limited number of people can travel in the coach (i.e.
not more than a certain number).
• A limited company, such as J . Smith & Co. Ltd., can be m a d e to pay debts only u p to a certain fixed amount,
l i m o u s i n e a large saloon car.
l i m p not stiff; • to walk with difficulty owing to injury to foot, leg, etc.
l i m p e t a small shell-fish which clings to rocks, etc., very tightly.
limpet lion
l i n e This is a line ; • a thin rope or wire, e.g. a washing line. • To line a garment is to sew a thinner material inside it.
l i n e n cloth made of fibres from the stalk of the flax plant, l i n e r a passenger ship or aircraft
which regularly travels to and from certain places,
l i n g e r Though J o e has said good-bye, he still lingers about the place, unwilling to go.
l i n g e r i n g a lingering death, etc., is one that lasts a particularly long time,
l i n i m e n t an oily liquid for rub-bing into the body where there are pains caused by rheumatism, etc., l i n i n g a layer of (usually thinner) material sewn inside a garment. • T h e bird is lining its nest with a lining of moss,
l i n k Each link that makes up a chain is equally important. • Link (join) hands to make a circle, l i n k s Dad goes to the links to
play golf. • A ferry links England with the Isle of Wight. • Cuff-links are little ornamental chains for fastening cuff's,
l i n n e t a small, brown song-bird, l i n o l e u m a floor covering made of canvas coated with hardened linseed oil, etc., and usually orna-mented with coloured designs {lino for short),
l i n s e e d the seed of the flax plant.
• (Linseed oil is squeezed out of i t )
lint linen cloth made fluffy on one side by scraping, and used for covering sore places and cuts.
Hon T h e lion is so brave and handsome that he is called the king of beasts.
l i o n e s s 189 livelihood l i o n e s s a female lion,
l i q u e f y to make liquid, e.g You can liquefy ice by warming it You can liquefy air by compressing i t l i q u i d If you melt butter it
becomes liquid, m Other liquids a r e oil, milk and water,
liquidate T o liquidate a n organ-ization is to bring its activities to an end. T o liquidate people is to get rid of them (often by violent means).
l i q u o r a drink such as -beer, whisky, etc., which Can make people drunk,
l i q u o r i c e a black substance, m a d e from a plant root, and used to make sweets, etc. (also spelt licorice).
L i s b o n the chief city of PortugaL l i s p People who lisp use t h e
sound ' t h instead o f ' s when they speak, e.g. 'thing uth a thong*, for 'sing us a song',
l i s t I n the register is a list of the names of all t h e children in t h e class. • T h e ship has a list (i.e. it is leaning over to one side), listen. If you listen you can heat
the music,
l i s t e n e d If you h a d listened you would have heard what I said, l i s t e n e r After the programme
had been broadcast over the radio, one listener wrote to complain about i t
l i s t e n i n g T h a t nasty child was standing behind the door listening to what we were saying,
l i s t l e s s too tired to be interested in anything - especially anything requiring a n effort,
lit When darkness came we lit the lamp.
literally "We a r e wet through' usually means simply, ' W e are very w e t ' ; but ' W e are literally wet through' means t h a t the rain has actually come right through to our skins.
literature books, poems, etc., by the best writers. • I n our literature lessons we study Shake-speare's plays a n d stories by Dickens.
litre the unit for measuring liquids, equal to 1,000 cubic centimetres, (about i f pints).
litter T h e beauty spot was spoilt by the litter (i.e. waste paper, tins, bottles, etc.) left b y sight-seers. • T h e sow h a d a litter of ten piglets (i.e. ten baby pigs were born on the one occasion).
litter of piglets little We need a little (not much) water. • Mike is a little (small) boy. • Stay a little (short time) longer.
l i v e (pron. liv) I live in that house. • T h e doctor says t h e patient will live (i.e. stay alive). • (pron. live) T h a t is a live fish (i.e.
not dead). • T h a t is a live wire (i.e. electricity is running through it). • Live-stock are farm animals.
livelihood A person's livelihood is what he does for a living - his work.
lively 190 lobe lively full of life and energy, e.g.
T h e baby is a lively litde thing, l i v e n T o liven anything (e.g. a
party) is to put life and gaiety into
i t ' liver a part of your body, inside
you, vyhich makes juices to aid digestion, etc. We had (sheep's)' liver and bacon for dinner,
l i v e r i s h Uncle is liverish (bad-tempered) today. (Strictly, it means that there is something wrong with his liver.)
l i v e s (pron. livs) Betty lives in that house. • (pron. lives) : We have been in England all our lives (i.e. ever since we were born), livid the colour of a bruise (black and blue). • (In slang, ' H e was livid' means that he was very angry.)
l i v i n g We are living in this house now. • What does your dad do fpr a living? • Most of the people living now will be dead in 100 years.
lizard a four-footed animal like a tiny crocodile, which likes hot, dry places.
lizard llama l l a m a a South American animal
like a small, hairy camel without a hump.
load T o load a gun is to put the shell or cartridge into i t • T h e lorry was carrying a load of sand.
• T h e men had to load the lorry with sand,
l o a d e d A loaded gun is one con-taining, a bullet, etc., ready for firing. • T h e men loaded the lorry with the goods it was to carry, l o a f Buy. a loaf of bread for our
tea. • T o loaf (about) is to loiter around, doing nothing.
loaf lobe l o a f e r someone who loiters about
lazily.'
l o a m a good soil, in which plants grow well,
l o a n This money is a loan from James, which I must pay back, loath' unwilling, e.g. I am loath
to get out of bed on cold mornings (also spelt loth).
l o a t h e I loathe (hate) big, hairy spiders.
l o a t h i n g extreme dislike, e.g.
J e a n couldn't hide her loathing for the horrible creature,
l o a t h s o m e T h a t huge, hairy spider is a loathsome creature (i.e.
it is so- very unpleasant that you want to get away from it), l o a v e s We must buy several
loaves of bread to feed all those boys.
l o b b y an entrance-hall or porch;
• the big hall in the House of Commons where people may go to meet their Members of Parlia-ment.
l o b e T h e lobe of your ear is-the flat, soft piece at the bottom.
l o b s t e r 191 loiter l o b s t e r a shell-fish with a long
tail and big claws. • Lobsters are caught in basket-work lobster-pots.
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lobster locket local Your local cinema (or
church, shop, public house, etc.) is the one in the district in which you live.
locality Betty does not live in our locality (the area where we live).
locally T h e fruit we buy is grown locally (i.e. in our own district).
locate T o locate something is to find out exactly where it is, e.g.
Before the doctor can remove the coin Baby has swallowed, he must locate it.
location Film actors are on loca-tion when they are making a film away from the studio. • First, we must decide on the location of our new swimming pool (i.e. where it is to be built).
l o c h a Scottish lake, e.g. There is said to be a monster in Loch Ness.
lock a length of canal in which the water level can be raised or lowered, • a n d which has lock gates at each end. • You lock a door • by turning the key in the lock.
locker Each bOy has a locker (small private cupboard) in which to keep his belongings.
locket There is a picture of Dad in the locket that Mother wears on the gold chain round her neck.
l o c o m o t i v e O u r train was pulled by a steam locomotive.
l o c u s t a flying insect, like a grass-hopper. (They invade hot countries in swarms and do enormous damage by eating every green leaf.) • a tree whose fruit is the locust-bean.
• locust loganberry l o d g e I lodge with Mrs Smith (i.e.
I pay to live in her house). • Bill managed to lodge the parcel on the top of the wall (i.e. he placed it so that it wouldn't fall). • a beaver's lair.
l o d g e r someone who pays to live in another person's house.
l o d g i n g s room(s) which you pay to live in (not in a hotel).
l o f t a room in the roof of a build-ing.
l o f t y T h e town's buildings were overshadowed by the lofty moun-tain peaks high above diem.
loganberry a fruit like a large raspberry.
l o i n the part of the body between the hips and the bottom ribs.
loiter We must not loiter (wait about) or we shall be late for school.
loll 192 l o r d loll You look lazy when you loll
in your chair in that careless way.
L o n d o n the capital city of England.
l o n e I n that cloudy sky only one lone star .could be seen.
l o n e l i n e s s I couldn't bear the loneliness of a desert island; I must have someone with me.
lonely G r a n d m a lives on her own, so she is lonely if no-one goes to keep her company.
l o n g This ruler is a foot long, m How long will it take you to dress P
• Fifty years is a long time. • To long for something is to wish for it very much. • A long-winded per-son is one who goes on talking too long.
l o n g i n g I a m longing for the holidays (i.e. I a m looking forward to the holidays very much indeed).
l o n g i t u d e Lines of longitude go from north to south round the globe like hoops, passing through both North and South Poles. The line of o° longitude passes through Greenwich (London),
l o o k i n g J a n e is looking at the television. • We are looking for a lost ring. • Jennifer is a good-looking (beautiful) girl,
l o o m a machine on which thread is woven into cloth; • to appear indistinctly, e.g. I don't like the strange shapes that loom out of the fog.
l o o p the shape made when a curve i line crosses itself.
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loop loopholelines of longitude look Look there and tell us what
you see. • Help me to look for my lost ring. • I know you are pleased by the look on your face.
loophole a narrow slit in a castle wall through which arrows could be shot; • a way of getting round a rule or law.
l o o s e T h e dog's collar was so loose that it came off over his head.
• T o loose an animal is to untie him.
l o o s e n If your belt is too tight, loosen it.
loot things taken by soldiers from an enemy (or any goods wrongly taken). • To loot a city is to take away valuables,
lop To lop a tree is to cut branches off' it • hanging down loosely, e.g.
a lop-eared rabbit,
lop-sided Your drawing of the vase is lop-sided (i.e. one side is bigger than the other),
l o r d T h e Lord is God or Christ.
• Ijord Nelson was a famous sailor. • a master or ruler, e.g.
T h e lord sent his servant to buy food.
lorry 193 loyalty lorry A lorry came along the road
carrying a load of sand.
lorry louse l o s e If you lose your ring through
carelessness, don't expect us to help you to find it. • If we lose the battle, tfie enemy will win.
l o s s If you lose anything valu-able you should report your loss to the police,
l o s t Give us a description of the lost dog, and we will try to find it.
• I have lost my way; please tell me how to get home. • I do not know where my dog is; I have lost him.
l o t b unwilling, e.g. I a m loth to part with my dog (also spelt loath).
l o t i o n a liquid put on the skin to heal sore places, etc.
lottery In a lottery, many people buy tickets, but only those whose tickets have the same numbers as those drawn out of a hat win a prize.
l o u d T h e radio is so loud that people in the street can hear it. • T h e colours in your tie are too loud (bright),
l o u d s p e a k e r T h e sound of a radio or television set comes from the loudspeaker.
l o u n g e a room in which to sit at ease; • to stand or sit in a lazy way.
l o u s e an insect that lives in the hair or skin of animals or people, and causes itching by biting, sucking, etc.
lout a rough, ill-mannered young m a n or boy.
lovable A lovable baby is one whom people can't help loving, love If you love someone you will
want to please him and make him happy. • Bob is in love with Anne and hopes to marry her one day.
l o v e l i n e s s great beauty,
lovely T h e bride looked lovely (i.e. very beautiful). • (slang) pleasing, e.g. It was a lovely party, lover someone who is in love.
Lovers are a boy a n d girl in love.
• A music-/oz/«r is someone who enjoys music very much.
loving T o show that I a m fond of Mother, I end my letters to her with the words, 'Your loving son, J o h n . '
l o w You can step over a low wall.
• Women sing the high notes a n d men the low ones. • Names beginning with W come low down an alphabetical list.
l o w e r We went down steps to a lower room. • Lower the bucket into the well to get some water. • Good-mannered people would not lower themselves to be so rude, l o w l a n d (s) low-lying country, l o w l y A lowly person is one who
has not a high opinion of himself - is not at all proud,
loyal A loyal person is "one who does not say or do anything that could cause h a r m to his queen, country, government, school, etc.
loyalty loyal behaviour.
lozenge 194 l u n a r lozenge a small sweet, especially
one sucked as a medicine, e.g. a throat lozenge. • £o£«ig«-shaped is diamond-shaped (<£>).
lubricant Any substance (e.g.
grease) used to make parts of a machine move more easily on or in each other is a lubricant.
lubricate T o lubricate a machine is to put oil or grease in it so that the parts move more easily, l u b r i c a t i o n T o ensure the
lubri-cation of a car, you pour oil into the engine and squeeze grease into the joints,
luck There is no way of knowing how to pick a winning ticket out of the h a t ; it is just luck (chance), luckily by chance, e.g. T h e rain was unexpected, but luckily we had our coats with us.
lucky A lucky person is one to whom ^something pleasant hap-pens by good fortune,
l u d i c r o u s It is ludicrous for a big, fat boy like J o h n to act the part of a fairy.
l u g It was only by a great effort that the boys were able to lug (drag) the heavy log to their camp.
• Fishermen find lug-worms for bait by digging in sandy beaches.
4uggage T h e travellers' luggage consisted of a variety of cases, bags and trunks,
l u k e w a r m neither hot nor cold, e.g. I don't like lukewarm soup. • neither keen on something nor against it.
lull A lull in a storm is a period of calm. • T o lull a baby to sleep, you could try rocking it, or singing to it.
lullaby a special kind of quiet
song intended to lull a baby to sleep.
l u m b e r roughly cut wood (still in logs). • I n the lumber room we keep the various household things, such as pieces of furniture, for which we have no use at the moment.
l u m b e r i n g the cutting down and trimming of trees, e.g. Lumbering is an important industry in Canada.
l u m b e r j a c k a m a n who cuts down and trims trees.
l u m i n o u s Things that are lumin -ous can be seen in the dark because they give off light (e.g. the hands of a luminous clock),
l u m p a swelling, e.g. Mike has a lump on his head through hitting it on the door. • a piece of no particular shape, e.g. a lump of rock.
l u m p y This custard is lumpy (i.e.
it contains lumps),
l u n a c y madness (i.e. being a lunatic).
l u n a r having to do with the moon, e.g. A lunar eclipse is" an eclipse of the moon. A lunar month is from one new moon to the next (usually taken as four weeks; actually, it is 29J days).