Párrafo III.- Los recursos financieros de la Defensoría del Pueblo pueden ser
HIPOLITO MEJIA PRESIDENTE DE LA REPUBLICA
Although the statistical breakdowns at regional and county level presented above are central to migration studies, in terms of identifying individual Scottish communities the statistics are at best indicative. Qualitative, in this case genealogical, material may augment and clarify patterns that can remain unrevealed utilising statistical analysis alone.
The purpose of the present section is two-fold. Firstly, it investigates two interconnected Scottish settlements outside of the areas most commonly associated with New Zealand Scottish settlement. The statistical analysis presented confirms that New Zealand’s Scots were dispersed throughout the country, though to varying degrees, and that Wellington was not unique outside of Otago/Southland in receiving a significant number of Scots. As Figures 3.1, 3.3 and, to a slightly lesser extent, Table 3.2, Appendix 3.3a and 3.3b and Map 5, clearly indicate, Auckland, being the largest province geographically and in terms of population, received many migrants of Scottish birth, and Canterbury also received a significant and sustained influx of Scottish settlers. Because it has not been possible in the present work to explore Scottish migrant settlements in every part of New Zealand in depth, Wellington has been chosen as the focus location for a more detailed case study. Wellington was the first New Zealand Company settlement and continued to receive Scots throughout the entire period under investigation, making it a logical choice. The second purpose of this section is to highlight the way in which qualitative, genealogical, material can and should be used to augment and illuminate statistical patterns. As will be made evident, migrant patterns and flows are more than the sum of their parts.
On 27 December 1840 the Blenheim arrived in Port Nicholson, carrying 197 Scottish immigrants. Known as ‘the Scots ship’, the Blenheim was not the first New Zealand Company ship, nor was it the first to carry a substantial number of Scots to the colony, the Bengal Merchant having arrived in Wellington on 20 February 1840 with 160 Scots on board.1 While many of the Bengal Merchant migrants were from Glasgow and surrounds, a majority of the Blenheim passengers had been recruited at Fort William, Inverness, by Donald MacDonald, who emigrated with the families he
1 ‘Blenheim: Greenock 25 August 1840, Kaiwharawhara 27 December 1840’ notes on the passage of
the Blenheim including a passenger list, prepared by Donald D. Cameron, 1990, p.1; Louis E. Ward, Early Wellington, New Zealand Electronic Text Centre, 1928, p.28; Phillips and Hearn, Settlers, p.56
had recruited.2 Those migrants who had purchased land orders for Wellington and Wanganui from the New Zealand Company arrived to find that not only had the land not been surveyed or divided into sections, but there was also question over the purchase of the land from Māori.3 Many of the Blenheim migrants eventually settled at Kaiwarra (Kaiwharawhara) where temporary immigration barracks had been situated and where Donald MacDonald (afterwards known as the ‘Laird of Kaiwarra’) had purchased land.4 It was not until later in the decade that the settlers began to disperse from this ‘Scotch settlement’ at Kaiwarra in any great numbers, as land became available in the Wairarapa, then in and around Wanganui. The death of Donald MacDonald in 1849 essentially spelt the end of the ‘Scotch settlement’, though a handful of the Blenheim passengers who had settled with MacDonald at Kaiwarra stayed on.5
As the story of the Cameron family, below, demonstrates, the bonds that tied many of the early Scots migrants together were frequently those formed en route to New Zealand and during their initial settlement. Donald (‘the weaver’) Cameron’s family were among the Blenheim passengers, and among the first migrants to settle in east Wairarapa. His sons and daughters who married all wed fellow Scots migrants, thereby creating ties between the properties owned by the Camerons and Scottish owned and managed stations in the county and beyond. Many of the stations’ hands employed by the Cameron family and their associates were also Scots or the descendants of Scottish migrants. By 1878 more than 5 per cent of Wairarapa East’s Scotland-born population were living on stations owned by the Cameron family; many of these were among those arriving on these first few ‘Scots’ ships and settling initially at Kaiwarra.
2 Norah Parr, ‘Kaiwarra or the village that was’, The Onslow Historian: Official Journal of the Onslow
Historical Society Inc., Vol.10, No.2, 1980, pp.4-9, p.7; ‘Onslow settlers of the 1840s: Donald MacDonald, laird of Kaiwarra’, The Onslow Historian: Official Journal of the Onslow Historical Society Inc., Vol.18, No.4, 1988, pp.4-11, pp.4-5; Phillips and Hearn, Settlers, p.56
3 ‘Onslow settlers of the 1840s: Donald MacDonald, laird of Kaiwarra’, pp.4 and 6; Ward, Early
Wellington, pp.58-9
4 ‘Blenheim: Greenock 25 August 1840, Kaiwharawhara 27 December 1840’ notes on the passage of
the Blenheim including a passenger list, prepared by Donald D. Cameron, 1990, p.5; ‘Onslow settlers of the 1840s: Donald MacDonald, laird of Kaiwarra’, pp.4 and 6.
5 Brad Patterson, ‘“It brings to mind the wild valleys of lovely Glencoe”: The Scots in early
Donald (‘the weaver’), formerly of Ardnamurchan, Argyllshire, arrived in Wellington on the Blenheim with wife Christine and seven children.6 Donald and his family were known to Donald MacDonald and were recruited due to Cameron’s experience in labouring on the construction of the Caledonian Canal; MacDonald noted ‘this man and his family have been known to me for many years, he is very industrious’.7 Setting up a school of weaving in Wellington, Donald taught his craft by day and ran a public house after school hours, building a house on the hill just north of the Kaiwarra stream, along what would become the Hutt Road.8 Donald’s second son, Alexander (b.1824), worked in Wellington as a book-keeper for fellow
Blenheim passenger Hugh Morrison.9 Alexander married Hugh’s daughter Mary in
July 1855.10 In 1846 Donald leased a large tract of land from Māori that was part of ‘Pahaoa’ on the Wairarapa coast. He was joined by his wife, five sons and two daughters soon after.11 The station (split in 1882, with part of it renamed ‘Glendhu’) was run by Donald’s sons, Donald (‘the piper’, b.1825), John (b.1832) and Duncan (b.1834).12 Another property purchased by the brothers, ‘Blairlogie’, was sold in 1878 to John Morrison, the son of fellow Blenheim passenger Hugh Morrison.13 At the time of the 1878 Census ‘Pahaoa’, ‘Glendhu’ and ‘Blairlogie’ Stations were home to more than 5 per cent of the county’s Scotland-born migrants, including John Cameron and his wife Annie, Duncan Cameron and his wife Mary, also John Morrison and his wife Janet, as well as the Scotland-born labourers employed on the three stations.14 Several
6 For a diagram of some of the connections between the Cameron family and their associates as
described below see Appendix 3.4a and 3.4b.
7 M.J. Ulyatt, ‘The Kaiwarra Camerons: The First Fifty Years in New Zealand: 1840-1890’,
unpublished family history provided by M.J. Ulyatt, 2007, p.14.
8 ibid., p.22
9 Tobe Cameron, ‘Cameron of Kaiwharawhara: the first three generations in New Zealand’,
unpublished family history updated by Peter Hargreaves, provided by Jennifer Cameron, p.6.
10 Frank Fyfe and Bebe Douglas, Morvern to Glenmorven, Masterton, 2000, p.153 11 Alex Sutherland, Sutherlands of Ngaipu, Wellington, 1947, p.32.
12 Donald ‘the piper’ married Isabella Glasgow of Turakina in 1853, creating yet another
interconnection, this time between the Cameron family and Scots outside of Wairarapa East. Turakina, detailed below, was another strongly identifiable settlement of Scots. Donald died in 1866, after which time John and Duncan managed the property.
13 Fyfe and Douglas, Morvern to Glenmorven, p.185; For more on the various land transactions etc in
the Wairarapa the Cameron brothers were involved in see Cameron, ‘Cameron of Kaiwharawhara’, pp.8-9. Ulyatt, ‘The Kaiwarra Camerons’, pp.35-37, 47-53, 55, 69
14 Janet Morrison was Hugh Morrison’s cousin Alexander’s daughter, who had come to New Zealand
in 1858 with her family, sponsored by Hugh.
How much more than 5 per cent of the county’s Scots-born population was residing on these three stations is unknown, precise records regarding employee’s etc being no longer extant. Family records and oral tradition suggest that a significant number of those employed on the Cameron properties may have been Scottish. Personal Communication with Jennifer Cameron, March 2006. The sons of
of the New Zealand-born population counted at that census were first generation New Zealand-born Scots, including the children of the Cameron brothers and of John Morrison.
Linkages between the Cameron family and fellow Scots in Wairarapa East continued to be reinforced with the first generation of the family to be born in New Zealand. John Cameron’s eldest son Donald married Elizabeth (Bessie) Sutherland, whose Scotland-born grandfather, Alexander Sutherland (b.1806), had come to Wellington on the Oriental in 1840.15 John Cameron’s youngest son Ernest married Bessie’s cousin, Donalda (Dona) Sutherland.16 Dona’s father David William was the youngest of Alexander’s (b.1806) children, and had married his second cousin, Helen Ross.17 Helen came to Wellington from Scotland with her parents and eight siblings on the Douglas in 1873.18 Her mother Mary had three brothers and one sister already in New Zealand, as well as her uncle, Alexander (b.1806). Helen’s brother Alexander (b.1856c) was seventeen when the family arrived in Wellington and he was immediately employed as a shepherd at ‘Pahaoa’ for £28 per year by his Great Uncle Alexander (b.1806).19 Far from being an island of Scots in a sea of other British migrants, the Cameron family and their associates are just one example of an identifiable ‘pocket’ of Scots in Wairarapa East that flourished through generations due to marriage with fellow Scots and descendants of Scots, chain migration and patronage.20
The reconstruction of the settlement by Scottish families on lands to the south of Wanganui that include Fordell, Mangamahu, Turakina and Parewanui provides a clearer picture still of the settlement of Scots in Wellington Province on a local scale. Though this area constitutes a significant lower North Island community of Scottish families living in close proximity, working with, assisting and marrying fellow Scots, because they spanned three different 1876 counties they do not readily appear in
Alexander Cameron (b.1824) – Hugh and Alexander – were employed by John Morrison on ‘Blairlogie’ in the 1880s. Ulyatt, ‘The Kaiwarra Camerons’, p.55
15 Sutherland, Sutherlands of Ngaipu, pp.98-99
16 Cameron, ‘Cameron of Kaiwharawhara’, pp.14 and 16 17 ‘Sutherland Genealogical Tree’, compiled by Keith N. Lambert
18 Having spent time in Ross, Caithness, Cromarty, Scapa Flow and Hoy in Orkney, and finally
Shetland
19 Sutherland, Sutherlands of Ngaipu, pp.67-68 and Family Tree at the end of the book.
20 Further interconnections between Scots in the area can be inferred in such histories as Bagnall,
Wairarapa: An Historical Excursion; for example Bagnall notes that Alexander Sutherland (b.1806) employed three brothers, Donald, William and Peter McLaren, as shearers at ‘Ngaipu’ in 1871. A.G. Bagnall, Wairarapa: An Historical Excursion, Masterton, 1976, p.362.
statistical analyses of these counties, in census data or collected datasets. Fordell sits just north of the 1876 Wanganui and Rangitikei Counties border, while Mangamahu is north east of Fordell. Turakina, just over ten kilometres south of Fordell, lies completely within Rangitikei County as defined in 1878, and Parewanui, just over twenty kilometres south of Turakina, falls within Manawatu County.21 This is one case where it is clear that the story of the Scottish community is more than the sum of its parts. Though descriptions of individuals are interesting in themselves, it is only by noting how these individual parts of the Scottish migration story relate to one another that a depiction of the community may emerge.22 The following case studies demonstrate the interconnectedness of the Scottish families and individuals in the area, extending beyond ties of marriage and kinship. It demonstrates too the rich detail available in the genealogical evidence and the greater understanding of the settlement patterns attainable when analysis of these communities moves beyond statistical evidence.23
21 See Map 6, below.
22 These connections being multiple and varied, it is recommended that the following case study be
read in conjunction with Appendix 3.5a-f.
23 For a solid background of this area, and Turakina in particular, including the ways in which Scottish
identity have been preserved, and an historiography of the district, see Jessie M. Annabell, ‘‘Caledonia, Stern and Wild’: Scottish Identity in Wanganui and Rangitikei, 1880-1918’, M.A. Thesis, Massey University, 1995 and Jessie Annabell, ‘Smoke in the Hills? Representations of Turakina’s Past’, BA (Hons) Thesis, Massey University, 1993.
0km 5km 10km
Wanganui
Mangamahu Fordell Turakina Marton Feilding Parewanui SH4 SH3 SH1 SH1/3 SH1 Bulls Hunterville Map 6Showing the location of Mangamahu, Fordell, Turakina and Parewanui, New Zealand.
Source: Map created in Macromedia Fireworks from a sketch by Rebecca Lenihan based on a map of New Zealand available at http://maps.aa.co.nz/, accessed 5 June 2008
Moses Campbell, born in Perthshire in 1787, arrived in Wanganui in November 1841, having spent nearly a year in Petone with his wife Jessie and their children. The family had travelled to Wellington as cabin passengers on the Blenheim. Unable to take possession of the land allocated to him, Moses leased land from local Māori just south of Wanganui until, in 1843, he came to an arrangement to occupy his allocated sections. As a result, when the land purchase dispute was settled in 1848 he was able to take possession of the sections, notably ‘Wiritoa’, uncontested.1 Jessie’s cousin, John Cameron, born in Inverness in 1818, was also a passenger on the Blenheim.2 John had preceded the Campbell family to Wanganui, working on survey parties for the New Zealand Company from March 1841, then boarding with his cousin and her family until he took possession of his land at ‘Marangai’ in 1843.3 Arriving early and settling their allocated lands years before the purchase of the lands was finalised, these two men are cited in histories of the region as prominent and successful early settlers, John being described, stereotypically, as ‘a fine old Highlander of the best type’.4 The majority of the Scots migrants arriving in Wellington on the Blenheim, the
Bengal Merchant and the Oriental, however, remained in Wellington – notably at
Kaiwarra – until their allocated sections were surveyed and made available late in the decade.5
Marjory Fraser may be regarded as representative of the Wanganui/Rangitikei, Scottish migrants. In 1917 her family was described as having ‘had the greatest influence upon the settlement of the Rangitikei, its descendants some years ago numbering well over a thousand and embracing the McGregors, the McKenzies, the Stevenses, the Campions, and the Richardsons, beside those bearing the name of the clan itself.’6 Marjory, the daughter of Alexander Fraser and Elizabeth MacDonald, was born in 1803 in Knockie, Inverness, and married Duncan Fraser in Fort Augustus
1 Rex H. Voelkerling and Kevin L. Stewart, From Sand to Papa: A History of the Wanganui County,
Wanganui, 1986, p.32
2 Not one of the ‘Pahaoa’ Cameron’s mentioned above.
3 Voelkerling and Stewart, From Sand to Papa, pp.87-8; James G. Wilson, Early Rangitikei: A few
notes, Collected from Various Sources of the Settlement on the Rangitikei River of a Number of Maoris of Different Tribes. A Short History of the Purchase and Colonization of the Land Between the Turakina and Oroua Rivers, and an Account of the Various Pioneers, Christchurch, Wellington and Dunedin, 1914, p.58; ‘Onslow settlers of the 1840s: Donald MacDonald, laird of Kaiwarra’, p.6
4 Wilson, Early Rangitikei, p.58; Voelkerling and Stewart, From Sand to Papa, p.41 5 Voelkerling and Stewart, From Sand to Papa, pp.27-8, 32
6 Ian Clapham, Pukehou: The Frasers of Lower Rangitikei: Family Tree of the descendants of Duncan
and Marjory Fraser, 1795-1995, Feilding, 1996, (Obituary of Mr Donald Fraser, original source not cited), p.327
at age eighteen. The couple arrived in Wellington on the Blenheim in December 1840 with their ten children (one born in the Bay of Biscay en route) and Marjory’s sister. They lived in Wellington initially, where Duncan established ‘the Highlander Inn’, a smithy on a town section near Tinakori Road and a farm at Section 3, Kaiwarra.7 In 1852 Marjory and Duncan followed their daughter Margaret (married to Ross-shire born Thomas Urquhart McKenzie in 1843) and her family up the island, settling in Parewanui, 150 acres being transferred to Duncan for £75 in July 1857. This land was the basis of the family’s property, ‘Pukehou’.8 Marjory and Duncan’s children born in New Zealand – Margery and Hugh (twins b.1843), Catherine (Kate) and Jane travelled with their parents to ‘Pukehou’, all being under nine years old at the time of the move. Hugh married the granddaughter of Donald (‘the weaver’) Cameron, Christina Annie McDonell, yet another link between the Cameron family and Scots families in the lower North Island. Christina Annie’s parents, James McDonell and Annie Cameron, owned ‘Inverhoe’ at Parewanui. Hugh and Christina moved around this area of New Zealand during their life times, living at one point with Hugh’s nephew James at ‘Okirae’.9 (See Appendix 3.5a)
James McDonell married Annie Cameron, daughter of Donald (‘the weaver’) Cameron, at Donald’s home in Kaiwarra on 18 December 1849. Born in Inverness in 1818, James had first emigrated to Australia in 1840, moving on to Wanganui later in that decade. Through an arrangement with local Māori, James took occupancy of the land that would later become ‘Inverhoe’ in the late 1840s. When the question of title was finally settled in 1850 and ‘Inverhoe’ was subsequently purchased from the Crown, it was Annie’s father, Donald ‘the weaver’, not James, who was the registered owner, possibly because the required £200 was beyond the reach of the young couple. Donald (‘the weaver’) Cameron’s son Donald (‘the piper’) also married a Scots migrant in Turakina, Isabella Glasgow, in 1853, another indication of the ongoing links between Scottish settlements east and west of the dividing ranges. Though the couple moved to the east coast of the Wairarapa, where they lived on ‘Pahaoa’ station, their son Robert married a Turakina woman, Eliza Clark. Donald Cameron
7 Julie Bremner, ‘The Kai Warra Road and Khandallah in the 1840s’, The Onslow Historian: Official
Journal of the Onslow Historical Society Inc., Vol.7, Nos.3 and 4, 1977, pp.39-42, p.40
8 The couple were joined there by their son Donald who remained at ‘Pukehou’ for most of the rest of
his life excluding a few brief intervals on the Australian gold fields in the 1860s. Clapham, Pukehou, pp.15 and 325
(b.1869), the son of John Cameron, the second youngest son of Donald (‘the weaver’), was schooled in Turakina, where he stayed with both the Turakina Camerons’ and his aunt Mary Glasgow.10
Margaret (nee Fraser) and her family had moved to Turakina in 1850 when her husband Thomas Urquhart McKenzie took up land there. Thomas had taken ship to New Zealand on the Oriental in 1840. Having relocated to Turakina, the couple lived there until 1854, when an opportunity arose to buy 800 acres in Parewanui. Margaret, Thomas and family lived with James and Anne McDonell (Margaret’s sister-in-law’s parents) at ‘Inverhoe’ until their new home – ‘Poyntzfeild’ – was built. (See Appendix 3.5b)
In her recollections, Margaret and Thomas Urquhart McKenzie’s daughter Eliza Rockel (nee McKenzie) speaks of the trip ‘up the coast’ from Kaiwarra to Parewanui and the help the family received from Mr and Mrs Scott of ‘Scott’s Ferry’.11 Thomas Scott and his wife Mary arrived in New Zealand in 1841 on the Olympus. Around November 1849 the couple and their children settled at the Rangitikei river mouth, establishing ‘Scott’s Ferry’ and later a store and accommodation house. All but one of Thomas and Mary Scott’s children married the children of fellow Scots, their daughter Anne and son David both marrying the children of Thomas and Mary Higgie, formerly of Fife, who had also come to New Zealand in 1841 on the