INFORMACIÓN DEL EMISOR
H. Historia y Desarrollo
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò L#ß ª•Ö#=ò (Position) ‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition)
…Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê L#ßn ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
"Í°=ò 1995 #°O_• D
town…Õ L<Œß=ò.
JP"³° KŒ…ì Hê•OQê J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê L#ßk.
J"Œ~¡° Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII• #°O_•
U.S.A.…Õ =ô<Œß~¡°.
J<Í#° Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII•°Qê D Hê…èl…Õ
lecturerQê L<Œß#°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò L#ß ª•Ö#=ò (Position) ‹¬Ö•=ò (Place) ‹²Öu (Condition)
…Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê L#ßn ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò L#ß XH›
Position, Place or Condition…Õ ZO`Ç Hê•OQê ,
Zxß ~ËA•°, Zxß <³••°, Zxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê L#ßk ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
'Have been' / 'Has been'
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ =…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
'I, We, You, They ' Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "Have been"
He, She, It Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° "Has been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
1. <Í#° Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê D
college student Qê =ô<Œß#°.
I have been a student of this college
for four years.
2. "Í°=ò 1995 #°O_• D Hê•h "Œ‹¬°•°Qê =ô<Œß=ò.
We have been the residents of this
colony since 1995.
3. N KÇOã^΃ì|° 1994 #°O_• T.D.P.
J^•Î¼ä›Æ½•°Qê L<Œß~¡°.
Sri Chandra Babu has been the
President of the T.D.P. since 1994.
4. N=°u =¶•f^Íq Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII•°Qê =¶ Hê…èl ㄲx•‡•…˜Qê =ô<Œß~¡°.
Mrs. Malathi Devi has been our
Principal for the past five years.
5. "Œ~¡° KŒ…ìHê•OQê =¶ ‡Ú~¡°Q®°# =ô<Œß~¡°.
They have been our neighbours for a
long time.
6. <Í#° Q®`Ç 10 ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê D H›OÌ„h L^˼yQê =ô<Œß#°.
I have been an employee of this
company for the past ten years.
7. N †Ç°O.\÷. H›$+¬âƒì|° Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê ㄬHê‰×Ol…ìÁ H›…ÿH›“~¡°Qê =ô<Œß~¡°.
Sri M.T. Krishna Babu has been the
Collector of Prakasam District for the past two years.
8. <Í#° 1985 #°Oz D H›Áƒ˜ ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_•Qê =ô<Œß#°.
I have been a member of this club
since 1985.
9. =¶ cousin KŒ…ì Hê•OQê K³<³ßå…Õ
LO@°<Œß_È°.
My cousin has been in Chennai for a
180 EXERCISE
Z
D "ŒH›¼=ò•°
English…ÕxH÷
translateK͆ǰO_•.
10. <Œ z#ß`Ç#O #°O_• =¶ father <Œä›½Q®°~¡°=ô.
My father has been my teacher since
my childhood.
11. z#ß„¬æ\÷ #°O_• Harish =°i†Çò <Í#° close friends Qê =ô<Œß=ò.
Harish and I have been close friends
since childhood.
12. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê "Í°=ò KŒ…ì busy
Qê =ô<Œß=ò.
We have been very busy for the past
one week.
13. KŒ…ìHê•OQê P"³° J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô#ßk.
She has been ill for a long time. 14. Q®`Ç <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê P†Ç°# leave …Õ
=ô<Œß~¡°.
He has been on leave for the past four
days.
15. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê "Œ`Œ=~¡}O KÇ•ÁQê L#ßk.
The weather has been cold for the last
one week.
16. J„¬æ¬\÷#°Oz P†Ç°# <Œg°^Î HË„¬OQê =ô<Œß~¡°.
He has been angry with me since then. 17. P"³° 10 ~ËA•°Qê hospital …Õ =ô#ßk.
She has been in the hospital for ten
days.
18. Q®`ÇHùkí~ËA•°Qê "Œ~¡° <Œä›½ KŒ…ì helpful
Qê =ô<Œß~¡°.
They have been helpful to me for a few
days.
19. J„¬æ\÷#°Oz J`Ç_È° active Qê =ô<Œß_È°. He has been active since then.
20. P case Q®`Ç 10 ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê qKŒ~¡}…Õ
=ô#ßk.
That case has been under trial for ten
years.
1. <Í#° z#ß`Ç#=ò #°O_• =¶
grandparents `Ë<Í L<Œß#°.
2. "Í°=ò KŒ…ì Hê•OQê D state …Õ<Í
LO@°<Œß=ò.
3. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê degree students stricke …Õ L<Œß~¡°. 4. Q®`Ç 15 ‹¬OII•°Qê P†Ç°# lawyer Qê L<Œß~¡°. 5. x#ß\÷ #°Oz P"³° =¶ WO\ÕÁ<Í L#ßk. 6. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç 25 ‹¬OII•°Qê =¶ town …Õ leading businessmen Qê L<Œß~¡°.
7. N KÇOã^΃ì|° `Ç# college ~ËA• #°O_Í
~Œ[H©†Ç¶•…Õ L<Œß~¡°.
8. <Í#° 1995 #°O_• D ‹¬O‹¬Ö…Õ L^˼yx. 9. Q®`Ç 4 ‹¬OII•°Qê P case ^Î~Œ¼„¬ôë…Õ L#ßk.
10. "Í°=ò Q®`Ç HùO`Ç Hê•OQê troubles …Õ
L<Œß=ò.
11. P"³° Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê HË=¶…Õ L#ßk. 12. P ‹¬O‹¬Ö ª•Ö„²Oz# <Œ\÷ #°O_• P†Ç°#
^¥xH÷ chairman Qê L<Œß~¡°. 13. Q®`Ç 20 ‹¬OII•°Qê J`Ç_È° "ŒiH÷ #=°àH›"³°Ø# À‹=䛽_È°Qê L<Œß_È. 14. J`Ç_È° Q®`Ç 20 ‹¬OII•°Qê `³•°Q®°^͉×O Hê~¡¼H›~¡ë Qê L<Œß_È°. 15. Q®`Ç 25 ‹¬OII•°Qê „¬tó=° ƒÿOQê…˜ …Õ H›=ü¼x‹¬°“ ‡•s“ Jk•Hê~¡=ò…Õ L#ßk.
EXAMPLES
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò HùO`Ç Hê•OQê =°#=ò LO_Èx XH› position, place, condition Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
<Í#° <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA• #°Oz
duty…Õ …è#°.
J"Í°=ò HùO`Ç Hê•OQê J`ÇxH÷
helpfulQê …è=ò.
JQ®`Ç ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê P „¬^ŠÎH›=ò J=°•°…Õ…è^ΰ.
JJ„¬æ\÷ #°O_• "Œ~¡° WH›ø_È …è~¡°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO HùO`ÇHê•OQê XH›~¡° LO_Èx XH› position, place, condition Q®°iOz
‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#䛽 Q®`Ç HùO`ÇHê•OQê =°#=ò …èH›
"Í~ùH›~¡° LO_Èx XH›
Position, Place, ConditionQ®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + not + been"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È°"have not been"...
He, She, It –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È°"has not been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
1. <Í#° ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê town …Õ …è#°. I have not been in the town for two
days.
2. "Í°=ò Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê duty …Õ …è=ò. We have not been on duty for the past
one week.
3. J`Ç_È° Q®`Ç Hùxß ~ËA•°Qê =¶`Ë ‹¬xß‚²ì`ÇOQê LO_È@O…è^ΰ.
He has not been close with us for the
past few days.
4. P"³° x#ß\÷ #°Oz WO\ÕÁ …è^ΰ.
She has not been at home since
yesterday.
5. "Œ~¡° Q®`Ç ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡OQê =¶`Ë LO_È@O…è^ΰ.
They have not been with us for the past
one year.
6. D car Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê use …Õ …è^ΰ. This car has not been in use for the past
two months.
7. Sachin Q®`Ç ï~O_È° series •…Õ =°Oz form
…Õ…è_È°.
Sachin has not been in good form for
the past two series.
8. Q®`Ç "Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê =¶ hostel …Õ food
ƒìQ®°O_È@O…è^ΰ.
The food has not been good in our
hostel for the past one week
9. Q®`Ç Hùxß ~ËA•°Qê =¶ä›½ U problem …è^ΰ. There has not been any problem to us
for the past few days.
10. Q®`Ç 10 ~ËA•°Qê =¶ colony …Õ water supply …è^ΰ.
There has not been water supply in our
colony for the past ten days.
NEGATIVE FORM
NEGATIVE FORM
182 EXERCISE
Z
D "ŒH›¼=ò•°
English…ÕxH÷
translateK͆ǰO_•.
1. <Í#° ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê free Qê …è#°.2. x#ß L^ΆǰO #°Oz =¶ colony …Õ power supply …è^ΰ.
3. Q®`Ç Hùxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê P college …Õ
ãH›=°tH›Æ}…è^ΰ.
4. Q®`Ç Hùxß ~ËA•°Qê J`Ç_È° active Qê …è_È°.
5. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ~ËA•°Qê Q®°[~Œ`Ÿ…Õ „¬i‹²Öu J^ΰ„¬ô…Õ…è^ΰ. 6. 1995 #°Oz Ì‚áì^Î~Œƒì^£ …Õ =°`Ç „¦¬°~¡Â}•°…è=ô. 7. Q®`Ç Hùkí <³••°Qê P product 䛽 demand …è^ΰ. 8. Q®`Ç 6 <³••°Qê D medicines ^ù~¡H›@O…è^ΰ.
9. "Œi father =°~¡}O #°O_• "Œ~¡° WH›ø_È
LO_È@O…è^ΰ. 10. Q®`Ç Hùxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê WH›ø_• "Œ`Œ=~¡}O =¼=ª•†Ç°=ò#䛽 J#°ä›••OQê…è^ΰ. 11. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° <³••°Qê P"³° P~ËQ®¼ „¬i‹²Öu ƒìQê …è^ΰ. 12. Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬OII•°Qê P†Ç°# ~Œ[H©†Ç¶•…Õ …è~¡°. 13. J„¬æ\÷#°O_• "Œ~¡° partners Qê …è~¡°. 14. P†Ç°# HùO`ÇHê•OQê P post …Õ …è~¡°. 15. P"³° x#ß\÷ #°O_• ‹¬æ $‚¬ì…Õ …è~¡°. 11. D ~ËA L^ΆǰO #°O_• P†Ç°# office …Õ
…è~¡°.
He has not been in the office since
morning.
12. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê =¶ ㇕O`ÇO…Õ ‹¬i†³Ø°# =~ŒÂ•° …è=ô.
There have not been sufficient rains in
our area for the past two years.
13. Q®`Ç Hùkí ~ËA•°Qê =¶ "Œ¼‡•~¡O …샕’^¥†Ç°H›OQê …è^ΰ.
Our business hasnot been profitable for
the past few days.
14. HùO`ÇHê•OQê J`Ç_È° =¶ä›½ helpful Qê …è_È°. He hasnot been helpful to us for some
time.
15. Q®`Ç Hùxß <³••°Qê P"³° P~ËQ®¼O ƒìQê …è^ΰ.
Her health hasnot been good for the
past few months.
16. J`Çx `ÇOã_• =°~¡}O ^ÎQ®¾~¡ #°Oz J`Ç_È° ‹¬O`Ë+¬OQê …è_È°.
He hasnot been happy since his father's
death.
17. "Œ~¡° J„¬æ\÷ #°Oz =¶`Ë =°OzQê (‹¬‚¬ì$^¥Ä•=O`Ë) =ôO_È@O …è^ΰ.
They havenot been in good terms with
us since then.
18. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° series • #°O_• Ganguly team
…Õ…è_È°.
Ganguly hasnot been in the team for
the last two series.
19. XH› ^Ή§|í Hê•OQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç q^¥¼q^•¥#O…Õ
standard LO_È@O…è^ΰ.
There hasnot been any standard in the
education system for a decade.
20. Q®`Ç Hùkí ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê `³•OQê} ㇕O`ÇO…Õ Ja•=$kœ…è^ΰ.
There hasnot been any development in
Telangana area for a few years.
EXAMPLES
QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò XH›~¡° L#ß Position, Place, Condition …Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê
LO@°<Œß~Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
h=ô 4 ‹¬OII•°Qê WH›ø_È L^˼yQê =ô<Œß"Œ?
Jg°~¡° Q®`Ç 10 ‹¬OII•°Qê D
town…Õ =ô<Œß~Œ?
JKŒ…ìHê•OQê P"³° J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô#ß^¥?
J"Œ~¡° 2001 #°O_• D
field…Õ =ô<Œß~Œ?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° XH›~¡° ㄬ‹¬°ë`ÇO =ô#ß XH› Position, Place, Condition …Õ ZO`ÇHê•OQê =ôO@°#ß
q+¬†Ç°O Q®°iOz ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò# XH›~¡° =ô#ß XH›
Position, Place, Condition…Õ Z„¬æ\÷ #°O_• =ôO@°<Œß~Ë ã„¬tßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Have / Has + been"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : "ŒH›¼=ò…Õ
I, We, You, They –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È°'Have been'
He, She, It –> Subject Qê L#ß„¬C_È°'Has been' L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
1. h=ô <Œ•°Q®° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê D college student Qê =ô<Œß"Œ?
Have you been a student of this college
for four years?
2. g°~¡° 1995 #°O_• D town …Õ<Í
LO@°<Œß~Œ?
Have you been in this town since 1995? 3. g° father ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê
J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô<Œß~Œ?
Has your father been ill for two years? 4. P"³° P~¡° <³••°Qê g°`Ë<Í =ô#ß^¥?
Has she been with you for six months? 5. "Œ~¡° <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê busy Qê =ô<Œß~Œ?
Have they been busy for four days?
6. 2001 #°O_• P†Ç°# g° ㄲx•‡•…˜Qê =ô<Œß~Œ?
Has he been your Principal since 2001? 7. J„¬æ\÷ #°O_• g°~¡° D WO\ÕÁ<Í L<Œß~Œ?
Have you been in this house since then? 8. J„¬æ\÷ #°Oz J`Ç_È° h䛽 helpful Qê
=ô<Œß_¨?
Has he been helpful to you since then? 9. z#ß„¬æ\÷ #°O_• g°i^Îí~¡¶ ãÌ„¦O_£•Qê =ô<Œß~Œ?. Have you been friends since childhood
days?
10. <Œ•°Q®° ~ËA•°Qê "Œ`Œ=~¡}O KÇ•ÁQê =ô#ß^¥?
184 EXERCISE
Z
D "ŒH›¼=ò•°
English…ÕxH÷
translateK͆ǰO_•.
A prophet is not honoured in his own country.
11. h=ô ZO`ÇHê•OQê D ‹¬O‹¬Ö…Õ L^˼yQê =ô<Œß=ô?
Howlong have you been an employee
of this firm?
12. g°~¡° ZO`ÇHê•OQê D town …Õ L<Œß~¡°?
Howlong have you been in this town? 13. ZO`ÇHê•OQê P"³° J<Œ~ËQ®¼OQê =ô#ßk?
Howlong has she been ill?
14. ZO`ÇHê•OQê g°~¡° XH›iHùH›~¡° ‹¬xß‚²ì`Ç°•°?
Howlong have you been close to each
other?
15. "Œ~¡° ZO`ÇHê•OQê "Œ¼‡•~¡ ~¡OQ®O…Õ L<Œß~¡°?
Howlong have they been in the
business field?
16. P†Ç°# P ‹¬O‹¬Ö䛽 ZO`ÇHê•OQê K•³á~¡à<£Qê =ô<Œß~¡°?
Howlong has he been the Chairman of
that firm?
17. Wxß ~ËA•°Qê g°~¡° ZH›ø_È L<Œß~¡°? Where have you been all these days? 18. Wxß ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê g°ä›½ guardian Qê
Z=~¡° =ô<Œß~¡°?
Who has been your guardian all these
years?
19. Wxß ~ËA•°Qê h=ô JH›ø_È XO@iQê Z…ì =ô<Œß=ô?
How have you been alone there all
these days?
20. g° cousins ZO`ÇHê•OQê U.S.A.…Õ
=ô<Œß~¡°?
Howlong have your cousins been in the
U.S.A?
1. g° father Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê D bank manager Qê L<Œß~Œ?
2. h=ô ï~O_È° Q®O@• #°O_• WH›ø_Í =ô<Œß"Œ? 3. g°~¡° Q®`Ç 5 ‹¬O=`Ç•~Œ•°Qê H›q°\© "³°O|~Ÿ•Qê
=ô<Œß~Œ?
4. P†Ç°# 1990 #°O_• g° Ti ‹¬~¡æOKŸQê =ô<Œß~Œ?
5. P"³° Q®`Ç"Œ~¡O ~ËA•°Qê hospital …Õ
=ô#ß^¥?
6. "Œ~¡° L^ΆǰO #°O_• laboratory …Õ
=ô<Œß~Œ? 7. x#ß\÷ #°O_• "Œ`Œ=~¡}O WH›ø_È KÇ•ÁQê =ô#ß^¥? 8. Q®`Ç ï~O_È° ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò•°Qê J`Ç_È° D office incharge Qê =ô<Œß_¨? 9. g°~¡° ZO`ÇHê•OQê J`Çx`Ë ‹¬xß‚²ì`ÇOQê =ô<Œß~¡°? 10. h=ô ZO`ÇHê•OQê D H›q°\© ‹¬ƒ•’°¼_È°Qê L<Œß=ô?
11. g° father ZO`ÇHê•OQê politics …Õ
L<Œß~¡°? 12. P"³° ZO`ÇHê•OQê g°`Ë =ô#ßk? 13. P†Ç°# ZO`ÇHê•OQê D profession …Õ =ô<Œß~¡°? 14. "Œ~¡° ZO`ÇHê•OQê WO_•†Ç¶…Õ =ô<Œß~¡°? 15. h=ô ZO`ÇHê•OQê J`Çx À‹ß‚²ì`Ç°_•Qê =ô<Œß=ô?
REVISION
What have we learnt today ?
=°#=ò D ~ËA Uq° <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò ?
D~ËA =°#=ò =°# Spoken English Course …Õ 'Have been / Has been" • Q®°iOz <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. Have been / Has been J#° nxx grammar …Õ Present Perfect
'Be' form JO\ì~¡°. nx…Õ 1. Positive Form 2. Negative Form 3. Question Form J#° 3 parts <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß=ò. D 3 parts XH›ª•i revise KÍ‹¬°ä›½O^¥=ò.
1. POSITIVE FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° L#ß XH› Position, Place or Condition …Õ ZO`Ç
Hê•OQê LO@°#ßn ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò`Ë ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have been / Has been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
Ex : 1. I have been here since 7 'O' clock.
2. We have been on special duty for three days.
3. He has been ill for a long time.
4. She has been with us since July last. 2. NEGATIVE FORM :
Q®`ÇO…Õx HùO`ÇHê•OQê =°#=ò …èH› "Í~ùH›~¡° …è#@°=O\÷ XH› Position, Place, Condition ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "havenot been / has not been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°. Ex : 1. I havenot been in the town for two days.
2. We have not been in the office since morning.
3. She hasnot been well for one week. 3. QUESTION FORM :
ㄬ‹¬°ë`Ç=ò =°#=ò=ô#ß XH› position, place, condition •…Õ ZO`Ç Hê•OQê =ôO@°#ßn
ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽 "Have been / Has been" L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°. Ex : 1. Have you been busy for one week ?
2. Have they been here since morning ?
3. Has he been your Principal for four years ?
186
D ~ËA Hùxß
verbs, "Œ\÷ †³òH›ø
three forms<Í~¡°ó䛽O^¥O.
I Form II Form III Form Meaning
Z
361 knock knocked knocked `Ç@°“@
362 lack lacked lacked Hù~¡=|_•=ôO_È°@
363 lag lagged lagged "³#°H›|_•†ÇòO_È°@
364 lament lamented lamented ~Ëk•OKÇ°@
365 laugh laughed laughed #=ôÞ@
366 lessen lessened lessened `Çy¾OKÇ°@
367 levy levied levied qk•OKÇ°@
368 lick licked licked <Œä›½@, Q®`ǰ䛽@
369 dread dreaded dreaded ƒ•’†Ç°„¬_È°@
370 dissolve dissolved dissolved H›~¡yOKÇ° h\÷…Õ
371 conceive conceived conceived `Ç•OKÇ°@
372 congeal congealed congealed Q®_ÈÛH›@°“@
373 condole condoled condoled qKŒ~¡=ò `³•°„¬ô@
374 elapse elapsed elapsed Hê•=ò fi‡é=ô@
375 emancipate emancipated emancipated q=òH÷ëK͆Çò@
376 foozle foozeled foozeled „¬xx ‡•_È°K͆Çò@
377 confound confounded confounded フ’=°„¬~¡KÇ°@
378 certify certified certified H÷`Œ|° WKÇ°ó@
379 prove proved proved |°°A=ô K͆Çò@
380 praise praised praised "³°KÇ°óHù#°@
Z
A proud mind and a poor purse are illmet.
D ~ËA Spoken English lesson …Õx Positive Form, Negative Form, Question Form, Negative Question Form ƒìQê <Í~¡°ó䛽<Œß~¡° H›^¥! Z@°=O\÷ confusion …è䛽O_¨ =°~¡• XH›ª•i
EXAMPLES
SHALL
=°#=ò ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ Hùxß „¬#°•° K͆ǰ=…ÿ ##° L^Íí‰×¼=ò H›ey †ÇòO^ΰ=ò. XHùøH›øª•i W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß„¬ô_È° =°#=ò (I, we) ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õ P „¬#°•#° K͆Çò L^Íí‰×¼=ò#°
Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
<Í#° ö~„¬ô
leave applyKͪ•ë#°.
J"Í°=ò D ª•i ^΋¬~Œ „¬O_È°Q® =¶ Ti…Õ [~¡°„¬ô䛽O\ì=ò.
J"Í°=ò D
town…Õ<Í
settleJ=ô`Œ=ò.
J<Í#°
next month scooterHùO\ì#°.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ ö~„¬ô, =KÍó "Œ~¡O, =KÍó <³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° <Í#°
(I), …èH› "Í°=ò
(we),=°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆Çò
L^Íí‰×¼=ò#°
(idea)‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall + I form of the Verb"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note : WKÇ@ =° # =ò `Ç„¬æH› K͆Çò„¬#°•° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@…è^ΰ . öH=•O XH› „¬xx K͆Çò L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@. 'Shall' J#°form öH=•OI, We J#° subjects 䛽
=¶ã`Ç"Í° =KÇ°ó#°.
'<ŒÑ L^Íí‰×¼=ò '<Í#°Ñ ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@ Ð 'I shall'
'=¶Ñ L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° "Í°=ò ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@
Ð
'We shall'1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô Ì‹q°<Œ~Ÿ…Õ ‡•…ç¾O\ì#°.
I shall participate in the seminar. 2. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Œ~¡O "³°Ø‹¬¶~Ÿ visit Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall visit Mysore next week. 3. <Í#°=KÍó <³• computer course join
J=ô`Œ#°.
I shall join the computer course next
month.
4. "Í°=ò =KÍó [#=i…Õ family Hyderabad
H÷ shift Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall shift our family to
Hyderabad next January.
5. <Í#° =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O =¶ friends x =¶
WO\÷H÷ invite Kͪ•ë#°.
I shall invite my friends to my house
next Sunday.
6. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·…Õ D q+¬†Ç°O
KÇióª•ë=ò.
We shall discuss this matter in the
meeting tomorrow.
7. <Í#° =KÍó "Œ~¡O <Œ L^˼Q®O Q®°iOz
XH› x~¡â†Ç°O f‹¬°ä›½O\ì#°.
I shall take a decision about my
studies next week.
8. "Í°=ò =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O <³•¶Á~¡°…Õ branch open Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall open a branch in Nellore next
year.
9. <Í#°`ÇÞ~¡…Õ Delhi "³ˆ×`Œ#°. I shall leave for Delhi soon.
10. "Í°=ò =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O q[†Ç°"Œ_È…Õ
settle J=ô`Œ=ò.
We shall settle down in Vijayawada
188 EXERCISE
Z
D "ŒH›¼=ò•°
English…ÕxH÷
translateK͆ǰO_•.
11. <Í#° =KÍó "Œ~¡O bank test H÷ appearJ=ô`Œ#°.
I shall appear for the bank test next
week.
12 "Í°=ò next Monday bank Manager
#° consult J=ô`Œ=ò.
We shall consult the Bank Manager
next Monday.
13. <Í#° next week leave H÷ apply
Kͪ•ë#°.
I shall apply for leave next week. 14. "Í°=ò =KÍó Uㄲ…˜…Õ annual day
[~¡°„¬ô`Œ=ò.
We shall celebrate the annual day
next April.
15. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O `³e†Ç°*誕ë#°.
I shall inform them this news tomor-
row .
16. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È guests 䛽 =‹¬u
U~Œæ@° Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall provide accommodation
for the guests there tomorrow. 17. <Í#° next time P job HË‹¬O ㄬ†Ç°`ÇßO
Kͪ•ë#°.
I shall try for that job next time. 18. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• P W•°Á Mìm Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall vacate that house next
month.
19. <Í#° ö~„¬ô SBI …Õ ~¡¶. 50,000/Ð
_•‡•l\˜ Kͪ•ë#°.
I shall deposit Rs. 50,000/- in the
SBI tomorrow.
20. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô g°\÷OQ·H÷ Jxß U~Œæ@°Á
Kͪ•ë=ò.
We shall make all the arrangements
for the meeting tomorrow.
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ h䛽 help Kͪ•ë#°. 2. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Œ~¡O H©Þ*˜ ‡é\© x~¡Þ‚²ìª•ë=ò. 3. <Í#° =KÍó <³• ãHù`Çë course …Õ join J=ô`Œ#°. 4. "Í°=ò `ÇÞ~¡…Õ WH›ø_È W•°Á construct Kͪ•ë=ò. 5. <Í#° ö~„¬ô x#°ß P„¦Ô‹¬°…Õ H›•°ª•ë#°. 6. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Œ~¡O Ì„O_••OQ· files clear
Kͪ•ë=ò.
7. <Í#° ö~„¬ô J`Çx`Ë D q+¬†Ç°O =¶\ìÁ_È°`Œ#°.
8. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• 5 # =¶ ‡•„¬ birthday
KŒ…ì grand Qê celebrate Kͪ•ë=ò.
9. <Í#° =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡=ò Q®°O@¶~¡° A.C.
Hê…èl…Õ join J=ô`Œ#°. 10. "Í°=ò =KÍó _•Ì‹O|~Ÿ…Õ Hù`Çë WO\ÕÁH÷ shift J=ô`Œ=ò. 11. <Í#° ö~„¬ô marriage …Õ J`ÇxH÷ XH› watch present Kͪ•ë#°. 12. "Í°=ò =KÍó "Í‹¬q…Õ tour x~¡Þ‚²ìª•ë=ò.
13. <Í#° next summer …Õ English grammar
<Í~¡°ó䛽O\ì#°.
14. "Í°=ò D ª•i function H÷ =¶
|O^•Î°=ô•O^Îih P‚¬ðÞxª•ë=ò.
15. <Í#° D ª•i ZxßH›•…Õ BJP H÷ F@°
"ͪ•ë#°.
EXAMPLES
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ =°#䛽 XH›„¬x K͆Çò L^Íí‰×¼=ò …è䛽O_È°@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
<Í#° ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È"Œix H›•°=#°.
J"Í°=ò =KÍó"Œ~¡O P
programme…Õ ‡•…ç¾#=ò.
J"Í°=ò "Œi q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË=ò.
J<Í#°
next May…Õ
EAMCETH÷
appearJ=#°.
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò #O^ΰ XH›~¡° XH› „¬xK͆Çò L^Íí‰×¼=ò …èH›‡é=ô@#° Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ° KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ö~„¬ô, =KÍó"Œ~¡O, =KÍó<³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O …èH›
ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx U W`Ç~¡ ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^³á##° =¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß =¼H÷ë
(speaker)<Í#° …èH› "Í°=ò
(I , We)`Œ#° K͆ǰx XH› „¬xx Q®°iOz ‹¬¶zOKÇ°@䛽
''''''''''Shall + not + I form of the VerbÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ ÑÑ
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :"ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
I, We, Subject Qê L#ß„¬ô_È° =¶ã`Ç"Í° '''''Shall notÑÑÑÑÑ L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô computer class H÷ attend
J=#°.
I shall not attend the computer class
tomorrow.
2. "Í°=ò =KÍó <³• D course …Õ join J==ò. We shall not join this course next
month.
3. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ `Ë_È°Qê <³•¶Á~¡° "³ˆ×¤#°.
I shall not accompany them to Nellore
tomorrow.
4. "Í°=ò D ª•i annual day celebrate
K͆ǰ=ò.
We shall not celebrate the annual day
this time.
5. <Í#° ö~„¬ô J`Çx`Ë D q+¬†Ç°=ò =¶\ìÁ_È#°.
I shall not talk to him this matter
tomorrow.
6. "Í°=ò Dª•i "Œi q+¬†Ç°O…Õ *ÕH›¼O KÍ‹¬°HË=ò.
We shall not interefere in their matter
this time.
7. <Í#° WH› J`Çx ‹¬‚¬ð†Ç°O HË~¡#°.
I shall not seek his help hereafter. 8. "Í°=ò D ª•i g°\÷OQ· postpone
K͆ǰ=ò.
We shall not postpone the meeting
this time.
9. <Í#° next year D Hê…èl…Õ work
K͆ǰ#°.
I shall not work in this college next
year.
10. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô strike …Õ ‡•…ç¾#=ò.
We shall not participate in the strike
tomorrow.
NEGATIVE FORM
NEGATIVE FORM
190 EXERCISE
Z
D "ŒH›¼=ò•°
English…ÕxH÷
translateK͆ǰO_•.
1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô P„¦Ô‹¬°…Õ duty H÷ attend J=#°.2. "Í°=ò D <³• house rent pay K͆ǰ=ò.
3. <Í#° ö~„¬ô "Œi`Ë K³<³áß "³ˆ×¤#°.
4. "Í°=ò D ª•i work delay K͆ǰ=ò.
5. <Í#° degree `Ç~¡°"Œ`Ç studies continue
K͆ǰ#°.
6. "Í°=ò D ª•i farewell party celebrate
K͆ǰ=ò.
7. <Í#° ö~„¬ô D q+¬†Ç°O J`ÇxH÷ K³„¬æ#°. 8. "Í°=ò WH› J`Çxx #=°à=ò.
9. <Í#° WH› J`Çx`Ë move J=#°.
10. "Í°=ò "ŒiH÷ D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ U trouble
W=Þ=ò.
11. <Í#° D book refer K͆ǰ#°.
12. "Í°=ò D q+¬†Ç°O…Õ "ŒiH÷ support
K͆ǰ=ò.
13. <Í#° WH› <Œ time waste K͆ǰ#°.
14. "Í°=ò WH› "ŒiÌ„á P^•¥~¡„¬_È=ò.
15. "Í°=ò Dª•i tournments x~¡Þ‚²ìOKÇ=ò.
11. <Í#° =KÍó <³• =¶ native place H÷ "³ˆ×¤#°. I shall not go to my native place next
month.
12. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È "Œi HË‹¬O wait
K͆ǰ=ò.
We shall not wait for them there
tomorrow.
13. <Í#° =KÍó <³• =¶ brother H÷ money
„¬O„¬#°.
I shall not send money to my brother
next month.
14. "Í°=ò D ª•i P hotel …Õ stay K͆ǰ=ò. We shall not stay at that hotel this time. 15. <Í#° ö~„¬ô Hê…èlH÷ ~Œ#°.
I shall not come to college tomorrow. 16. "Í°=ò next month holidays WH›ø_È
Q®_È„¬=ò.
We shall not spend our holidays here
next month.
17. <Í#° D ª•i test H÷ apply K͆ǰ#°. I shall not apply for the test this time. 18. "Í°=ò D ª•i J`ÇxH÷ money J„¬CQê
W=Þ=ò.
We shall not lend him money this time. 19. <Í#° Dª•i EAMCET 䛽 coaching
f‹¬°HË#°.
I shall not take coaching for the
EAMCET this time.
20. "Í°=ò ö~„¬ô JH›ø_È work continue
K͆ǰ=ò.
We shall not continue the work there
tomorrow.
EXAMPLES
QUESTION FORM
XHùøH›øª•i =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ <Í#° …èH› =°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ^ΕKÇ° L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°KÇ°O^ΰ=ò.
J
<Í#° ö~„¬ô J`ÇxH÷
letterã"ŒÀ‹^¥ ?
J=°#=ò =KÍó Pk"Œ~¡O
picnic"³ˆ×^¥=¶?
J<Í#° =KÍó <³• h䛽
money„¬OÀ„^¥?
J<Í#° h䛽
shop#°O_•
bookf‹¬°ä›½=KÍó^¥?
Ì„á "ŒH›¼=ò•° =°#=ò W`Ç~¡°•`Ë =¶\ìÁ_È° KÇ°#ß„¬C_È° ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ <Í#° …èH› =°#=ò XH› „¬xx K͆ǰ^ΕKÇ° L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@#° ‹¬¶zOKÇ°KÇ°#ßq.
D q^•Î=òQê ƒ•’q+¬¼`Ç°ë…Õx XH› ‹¬=°†Ç°=ò#O^ΰ ö~„¬ô, =KÍó"Œ~¡O, =KÍó<³•, =KÍó ‹¬O=`Ç•~¡O
=¶\ìÁ_È°KÇ°#ß =¼H÷ë …èH› =¼ä›½ë•° (<Í#° …èH› =°#=ò) XH› „¬xx K͆ǰƒÕ=ô L^Íí‰×¼=ò#° ㄬtßOKÇ°@䛽
"Shall + I form of the Verb"
L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.
* Note :"ŒH›¼=ò…Õx
Shall
J#° D
form 'I' =°i†Çò 'We' J#° subjects 䛽 =¶ã`Ç"Í° L„¬†³¶yOKÇ=…ÿ#°.1. <Í#° ö~„¬ô g° P„¦Ô‹¬°H÷ =KÍó^¥?
Shall I come to your office tomorrow? 2. =°#=ò next Sunday picnic "³ˆ×^¥=¶?
Shall we go on a picnic next Sunday?
3. =°#=ò next Monday manager #°
consult J=ô^¥=¶?
Shall we consult the Manager next
Monday?
4. <Í#° D q+¬†Ç°O ö~„¬ô "ŒiH÷ inform
KÍÀ‹^¥?