Even though more research regarding the long-term effects of NRT in humans are required, there is a substantial amount of evidence in animal studies which signifies that fetal and neonatal exposure leads to widespread postnatal health consequences. In animal experimental research, it has been shown that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation and lactation had an effect of the pulmonary, cardiovascular, reproductive, metabolism as well as hypoxia-sensing outcomes in the offspring (Bruin et al., 2010).
Interestingly, the adverse effects of maternal nicotine are not limited to the first generation offspring (F1). Studies have shown that maternal nicotine exposure also appears to affect the second generation of offspring (F2), where the mothers of the F2 generation had elevated blood pressure, increased fasting serum insulin, as well as an enhanced insulin response to an oral glucose challenge (Holloway et al., 2007).
It is therefore important not to only consider the effect of smoking or NRT on the lungs of the respiratory health of the first generation progeny, but also on the subsequent generations. The long term implications should therefore be
Page | 121 considered by health authorities when making policy decisions regarding the safety if NRT especially during pregnancy.
4.9 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the outcomes of my study showed that maternal nicotine exposure during gestation resulted in a change in the program that controls aging of the lungs of the offspring. Consequently, this renders the lungs more susceptible to disease and reduces lung function. Based on findings of other studies done in our laboratories, the effect of nicotine on lung development is also transferable between generations. This is conceivable due to a combination of placental changes as well as the direct effect of nicotine on cell DNA. It is therefore not advisable to prescribe NRT to pregnant and lactating women. Ho wever, a more relative approach would be to ensure that the antioxidant capacity of pregnant and lactating women are maintained, as it will protect the fetus and neonate against the adverse effects of oxidants in the atmospheric air and especially in tobacco smoke.
More data generated in this particular study will provide a better understanding and interpretation of results concerning the sites of mechanism of action of nicotine intake by the mother and on the lungs of the offspring as well as the long term consequences regarding the susceptibility of these lungs to damage, as well as the irreversible growth arrest of cellular senescence. It will also further confer
Page | 122 evidence as to why NRT is not an option to stop the smoking habit, especially in pregnant and lactating females.
Page | 123
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