Identificación de puntos críticos, medidas de seguridad y planes de

The number of persons seeking asylum in OECD countries increased by over 20% in 2011, exceeding 400 000 for the first time since 2003 (Table 1.6). The top countries of destination were the United States, France and Germany, with respectively, 61 000, 52 000 and 46 000 asylum seekers. Largely as a consequence of the “Arab Spring”, Italy exceeded 34 000 asylum seekers, making it the fourth largest receiving country in 2011. Note that Italy saw levels of asylum seeking of comparable magnitude in 2008, however, well before the “Arab Spring”.

As has been historically the case, it is among the smaller OECD countries that one sees the highest number of asylum seekers per capita. The number of asylum seekers almost tripled in Luxembourg from 2010 to 2011, making it proportionally the largest receiving country for its population, with over 2 100 requests for a population of a little over half a million. Most of the asylum seekers were from former Yugoslavia. The other significant receiving countries in per capita terms were Sweden, Switzerland, Belgium, Norway and Austria, which continue to register very high levels of requests at close to 2 000 or more per million population compared to the level for the OECD as a whole (343). This tends to mirror the situation observed for international migration as a whole, where small countries also tend to show much higher per capita migration movements than the larger OECD countries. The ten largest countries of origin have scarcely changed since 2010, with only Eritrea replacing Sri Lanka in the group. Afghanistan, China, Iraq and Pakistan were the most significant origin countries with from 16 000 to 26 000 requests each. The requests from China are heavily concentrated in the United States, with almost two thirds of asylum requests from China being made there. Brazil has become a destination point for Haitians fleeing the aftermath of the 2010 earthquake in that country, with 4 000 requests being registered in 2011, exceeding the combined total for Canada, the United States and France. The large movements anticipated because of the “Arab Spring” have not materialised, although the Libyan conflict in particular displaced considerable numbers of migrants who were working in Libya, some of whom sought asylum in OECD countries. Indeed, a number of sub-Saharan countries as well as Tunisia, Libya and Syria themselves figure prominently among countries of origin showing significant increases in asylum seeking (Figure 1.4). Large increases were also observed in other countries in the throes of civil conflict, namely Afghanistan, Pakistan and Côte d’Ivoire.

Israel and Korea have seen large increases from 2010 to 2011, although the levels remained relatively modest in Korea. The declines observed from 2010 to 2011 are concentrated essentially in the Nordic countries and the countries of Central and Eastern Europe.

Table 1.6. Inflows of asylum seekers by country of destination, 2006-11 Average 2006-10 2010 2011 Absolute change 2010-11 % change 2010-11 Asylum seekers per million population (2011) Permanent humanitarian migrants per million population (2010)

Three top countries of origin of the asylum seekers

Italy 16 480 10 050 34 120 24 070 239 561 71 Nigeria, Tunisia, Ghana United States 40 390 42 970 60 590 17 620 41 194 435 China, Mexico, El Salvador

Turkey 8 450 9 230 16 020 6 800 74 218 .. Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan

Switzerland 13 410 13 520 19 440 5 920 44 2 524 864 Eritrea, Tunisia, Serbia (and Kosovo) Germany 26 250 41 330 45 740 4 410 11 557 144 Afghanistan, Serbia (and Kosovo), Iraq Israel 3 350 1 450 5 750 4 300 297 760 .. Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana

Belgium 14 780 21 760 26 000 4 250 20 2 418 196 Serbia (and Kosovo), Afghanistan, Guinea France 37 150 48 070 52 150 4 070 8 826 164 Russian Federation, Democratic Republic

of the Congo, Armenia

Austria 12 990 11 010 14 420 3 400 31 1 713 564 Afghanistan, Russian Federation, Pakistan Australia 5 340 8 250 11 510 3 260 40 509 644 Iran, Afghanistan, China

United Kingdom 28 250 22 650 25 460 2 810 12 408 79 Pakistan, Iran, Sri Lanka Canada 28 510 22 540 24 990 2 440 11 727 973 Hungary, China, Colombia

Luxembourg 530 740 2 080 1 330 179 4 024 .. Serbia (and Kosovo), The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro

Spain 4 650 2 740 3 410 670 24 73 13 Côte d’Ivoire, Cuba, Nigeria

Japan 1 190 1 200 1 870 660 55 15 3 Myanmar, Nepal, Turkey

Korea 420 430 1 010 590 138 21 1 Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Uganda

Slovenia 320 250 370 130 52 183 .. Afghanistan, Turkey, Serbia (and Kosovo)

Portugal 160 160 280 120 72 26 5 Guinea, Somalia, Nigeria

Chile 490 260 310 50 17 18 .. Colombia, Cuba, Bolivia

Estonia 20 30 70 40 123 50 .. Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Afghanistan, Armenia

Iceland 50 50 80 30 49 234 .. Nigeria, Russian Federation, Algeria

New Zealand 290 340 310 -40 -10 69 636 Fiji, Iran, Egypt

Slovak Republic 1 560 540 490 -50 -9 90 .. Somalia, Afghanistan, Georgia Czech Republic 1 790 980 760 -220 -23 72 .. Ukraine, Belarus, Russian Federation

Mexico 580 1 040 750 -290 -28 7 2 El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala

Hungary 3 090 2 100 1 690 -410 -20 170 .. Afghanistan, Serbia (and Kosovo), Pakistan Finland 3 540 4 020 3 090 -930 -23 573 588 Iraq, Somalia, Russian Federation Greece 16 690 10 270 9 310 -960 -9 817 .. Pakistan, Georgia, Afghanistan Norway 10 710 10 060 9 050 -1 010 -10 1 838 1 082 Somalia, Eritrea, Afghanistan Ireland 3 650 3 410 2 310 -1 100 -32 510 34 Nigeria, Pakistan, China Denmark 2 980 4 970 3 810 -1 150 -23 684 381 Afghanistan, Iran, Syria

Poland 7 190 6 530 5 090 -1 450 -22 133 .. Russian Federation, Georgia, Armenia Netherlands 12 640 13 330 11 590 -1 740 -13 695 601 Afghanistan, Iraq, Somalia

Sweden 28 210 31 820 29 650 -2 180 -7 3 140 1 279 Afghanistan, Somalia, Serbia (and Kosovo) OECD total 336 100 350 120 425 530 75 410 22 343 224 Afghanistan, China, Iraq

Selected non-OECD countries

Brazil 710 1 090 4 980 3 890 358 25 .. Haiti, Colombia, Guinea-Bissau

Bulgaria 850 1 030 890 -130 -13 120 .. Iraq, Afghanistan, Syria

Latvia 40 60 340 270 449 149 .. Georgia, Democratic Republic of the Congo,

Russian Federation

Lithuania 210 370 410 30 9 123 .. Georgia, Russian Federation, Afghanistan

Romania 800 890 2 060 1 170 132 96 .. Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco

Russian Federation 3 910 3 890 2 290 -1 600 -41 16 11 Afghanistan, Georgia, Uzbekistan

Notes:Figures for the United States refer to “affirmative” claims submitted with the Department of Homeland Security (number of cases) and “defensive” claims submitted to the Executive Office for Immigration Review (number of individuals).

..: Not available.

Source:UNHCR.

With recognition rates rarely exceeding 20% in OECD countries, asylum seeking is a limited source of permanent immigration in OECD countries. In practice, other sources of humanitarian migration, among them resettlement refugee migration6or admission on the grounds of protection, are also important, especially in the settlement countries of Australia, Canada, New Zealand and the United States. Indeed, the latter four countries are the only countries in the OECD for which the number of permanent humanitarian migrants is larger than the number of asylum seekers. Sweden, Norway and Switzerland remain per capita leaders among OECD countries in the number of permanent humanitarian immigrants admitted, but are followed immediately after by Canada, Australia and New Zealand, countries which admit significant numbers of resettled refugees.