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Although GRNMS was designated a sanctuary in 1981 and closed to commercial trawling and fish trapping, it is still open to recreational fishing and appears to be suffering from the same overfishing experienced in other regions on the southeast U.S. continental shelf (Sedberry et al., 1998). In fact, fish- ing pressure at GRNMS may be higher than at other similar reefs because its designation as a sanctuary has identified the reef to a broader population of recreational fisherman than might otherwise have been

aware of the reef (Sedberry et al., 1998). In effect, GRNMS is not currently functioning as a “sanctuary” for popular recreational fishing species such as the black sea bass (Sedberry et al., 1998). The magni- tude of recreational fishing in the U.S. has been estimated to contribute only 2% to total U.S. fishery landings and has been largely managed through controlling the landings of individual fisherman without restricting the numbers of individuals fishing (Coleman et al., 2004). In the SAFMC region, for pop- ulations listed by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) as either overfished or experiencing overfishing, recreational landings account for 38% of the total catch (Coleman et al., 2004).

While MPAs are not the answer to all fisheries management problems, they would provide a refuge from both commercial and recreational fisheries while possibly contributing to the recovery of the fish- eries in the region. MPAs are believed to enhance the surrounding fisheries through two main mecha- nisms: the export of eggs and larvae to surrounding areas and the emigration of adult fish to fished areas outside the MPA (Russ, 2002). This dissertation has focused on the dispersal of larvae throughout the southeast U.S. continental shelf and the preliminary results indicate that GRNMS could act as a source of larvae to other regions on the shelf. Tagging studies of adult black sea bass in the region found that between 4% and 6% of tagged fish moved out of the area where they were tagged (Sedberry et al., 1998, and references therein). Combining these movement estimates with 1995 population estimates for black sea bass indicates that, if not so heavily fished, GRNMS could act as a source of adult black sea bass for other sites in the southeast region (Sedberry et al., 1998).

Information on the status of only 22 out of 73 species in the snapper-grouper complex managed by the SAFMC is available (South Atlantic Fishery Management Council, 1999; Coleman et al., 2000). In 1990, the SAFMC Plan Development Team recognized this crucial lack of information as a major problem and proposed a management strategy where 20% of the shelf would be designated Marine Fishery Reserves (MFRs) and closed to all fishing and the remaining 80% would be managed for optimal yield using more traditional management options (Plan Development Team, 1990). The proposed MFRs (or MPAs) included wide cross-shelf regions that began at the state waters and ended at 150 fathoms. At that time no MPAs were created and the use of MPAs was not investigated further for another 10 years. Currently, the SAFMC is investigating the use of MPAs to protect the deep-water species within the snapper/grouper complex including those that spawn near the shelf-edge such as gag grouper (Figure 45). However, with evidence of continued overfishing and ecosystem overfishing (McGovern et al., 1998; Sedberry et al., 1998) of reef fishes in the shallower regions of the shelf, I believe that a network of MPAs covering habitats within the inner- and mid-shelves is necessary.

Figure 45: Current proposed deepwater MPAs in the southeast U.S. continental shelf. Right: northern portion of the region. Left: southern portion of region.

presented in this dissertation provides some initial steps and a methodology for scientific input into the design and implementation of MPAs. Using a combination of numerical models and observations, I have begun to explore the biophysical interactions in the dispersal and recruitment of marine larvae and to understand the degree of connectivity on the southeast U.S. continental shelf. This approach can be extended to define the scales of larval dispersal and to identify larval source/sink regions for different species. It can also be used to evaluate alternatives in proposed networks of MPAs.

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