! A.!Right!of!legation!
!
1 A.k.a.1 “right1 of1 diplomatic1 intercourse”.1 This1 refers1 to1 the1 right1 of1 State1 to1 send1 &1 rcv1 diplomatic1 missions,1w/c1enables1the1States1to1carry1on1friendly1intercourse.1It1is1not1a1natural1or1inherent1right,1but1exists1 only1by1common1consent.1No1legal1liability1is1incurred1by1the1state1for1refusing1to1send1or1recv1diplomatic1rep.1 Governed1by1Vienna)Convention)on)Diplomatic)Relations)
1
1 Agents)of)diplomatic)intercourse) a. Head1of1state)
b. Foreign1office) 1
1 Establishment)of)Resident)Missions)
States1 carry1 on1 diplomatic1 intercourse1 through1 permanent1 missions1 established1 in1 capitals1 of1 other1 states.1 Mission1is1composed1of:1
a. Head1of1mission1
Dambassadors/1nuncios,1envoys/ministers/internuncios,1charges1d’affaires1 b. Diplomatic1staff1
c. Administrative1&1technical1staff1 d. Service1staff1
Dengaged1in1the1domestic1services1of1the1mission11
) )
) Diplomatic)corps)
Doyen1or1head1of1this1bodyD1Papal1Nuncio1or1oldest1ambassador,1or1in1absence1of1amb,1the1oldest1minister1 plenipotentiary1
11
) Appointment)of)envoys)
In1Phils.,1it1is1the1President1who1appoints,1sends1&1instructs1the1diplomatic1&1consular1representatives,1&1his1 prerogative1to1determine1the1assignment1of1country’s1diplomatic1rep1can’t1be1questioned1
)
) Functions)&)duties)
a. Representing1the1sending1state1in1the1rcving1
b. Protecting1 in1 the1 receiving1 state1 the1 interests1 of1 the1 sending1 state1 &1 its1 nationals,1 w/in1 the1 limits1 allowed1by1int’l1law1
c. Negotiating1w/the1gov’t1of1the1rcving1state1
d. Ascertaining1by1all1lawful1means1the1conditions1in1the1rcving1state1&1reporting1these1to1the1sending1 state1
e. Promoting1 friendly1 relations1 bet.the1 sending1 state1 &1 rcvng1 state1 &1 developing1 their1 eco,1 cultural1 &1 scientific1rel1
1
) Diplomatic)immunities)&)privileges) a. Personal1inviolability1
b. Inviolability1of1premises1&1archives1 c. Rt1of1official1communication1
d. Immunity1from1local1juris1
e. Exemption1from1taxes1&1customs1duties1
f. Other1 privileges1 w/c1 include1 the1 freedom1 of1 mvmt1 &1 travel1 in1 the1 territory1 of1 the1 receiving1 state;1 exemtion1from1all1personal1services1&1military1obli1
1
) Duration)of)immunities)&)privileges)
Enjoyed1from1the1moment1he1enters1the1territory1of1rcvng1state1&1shall1cease1only1the1moment1he1leaves1the1 country,1or1on1expiry1of1a1reasonable1time1in1w/c1to1do1so;1although1w/respect1to1official1acts,1immunity1shall1 continue1indefinitely.11
Available1even1in1transitu1when1traveling1through1a13rd1state1on1the1way1to1or1from1the1receiving1state1 1
) Waiver)of)Immunities)
made1only1by1the1gov’t1of1sending1state1if1it1concerns1the1immunities1of1the1head1of1mission;1in1other1cases,1 the1waiver1may1be1made1by1either1the1govt1or1by1the1chief1mission.1Waiver1of1this1privilege1does1not1include1 waiver1of1immunity1in1respect1of1execution1of1judgment;1a1separate1waiver1for1the1latter1is1necessary1
1
) Termination)of)Diplomatic)mission)
Death,1 resignation,1 removal1 or1 abolition1 of1 office,1 recall1 by1 sending1 state,1 dismissal1 by1 rcvng1 state,1 war1 between1rcvng1&1sending1state,1or1extinction1of1the1state1
1
B.!Consular!relations!
ConsulsD1state1agents1residing1abroad1for1various1purposes1but1mainly1in1the1interest1of1commerce1&1 navigation1
KINDS1OF1CONSULS:1 a. Consules)missiD))
Professional1&1career1consuls,1&1nationals1of1appointing1state1 b. Consules)electiD)
Selected1by1appointing1state1either1from1its1own1citizens1or1from1among1nationals1abroad1 )
RANKS1
a. Consul1general1 b. Consul1
c. Vice1consul1 d. Consular1agent1 1
APPOINTMENT1 Letters1patent1 Exequatur1 1
FUNCTIONS1
1 Commerce1&1navigation,1issuance1of1visa,1etc1 1
IMMUNITIES1&1PRIVILEGES1
• Freedom1of1communication1in1cipher1or1otherwise1
• Inviolability1 of1 archives1 but1 not1 of1 the1 premises1 where1 legal1 processes1 may1 be1 served1 &1 arrests1 made1
• Exempt1from1localjurisdiction1for1offenses1committed1in1the1discharge1of1official1functions1
• Exempt1from1testifying1on1official1communications1or1on1matters1pertaining1to1consular1functions1
• Exempt1from1taxes,1customs1duties,1military/jury1service1
• May1display1their1nat’l1flag1in1the1consulate1 1
TERMINATION1OF1CONSULAR1MISSION1
1 Withdrawal1of1exequatur;1extinction1of1state;1war1
Treaties'
1
!
Treaty!!acc.1to1the11969!Vienna!Convention!on!the!Law!of!Treaties!=!!an1international1agreement1concluded1 bet1States1in1written1form1and1governed1by1international1law,1whether1embodied1in1a1single1instrument1or1in1 two1or1more1instruments,1and1whatever1its1particular1designation.1
1
Other1names1for1international1agreements:1convention,1pact,1protocol,1agreement,1arrangement,1accord,1final1 act,1general1act,1exchange1of1notes.1
1
Municipal1Law1concept:1executive)agreement)is1not1a1treaty1(Commish1of1Customs1v.1Eastern1Sea1Trading).1 International1law1standpoint:1equally1binding1as1treaties.1!
! Form.!!
Art.!2!of!the!Vienna!Convention:1treaties1should1be1in1writing.1 Art.!3:!an1unwritten1treaty1does1not1affect1its1legal1force.1
19691Vienna1Convention:1only1treaties1executed1bet1States1
19861Vienna1Convention1on1Treaties1for1Internatl1Orgs:1treaties1bet1States1and1Intl1Orgs1 1
Requisites!for!validity.!
a. TreatyDmaking1capacity1
b. Competence1of1the1rep/organ1concluding1the1treaty1 c. Parties1must1freely1give1consent1
d. Object1and1subject1matter1must1be1lawful1
e. Ratification1in1accordance1with1constitutional1processes1of1the1parties1concerned1
!
Doctrine!of!Unequal!Treaties.11Treaties1which1have1been1imposed1thru1coercion1or1duress1of1an1unequal1 character1is1VOID.1
1
Doctrine!of!Jus!Cogens.!Customary1international1law1has1the1status1of1a1peremptory!norm1of1international1 law,1accepted1and1recognized1by1the1international1community1of1states1as1a1rule1from1which1no)derogation) is)permitted.)Treaty1that1contravenes1jus1cogens1norms1are1invalid.1
1
Treaties!and!Executive!Agreements.!Treaties1require1Senate1concurrence1for1validity.1They1refer1to1a)1basic1 political1issue,1b)1change1in1national1policy,1c)1permanent1international1arrangements.1Executive1Agreements1 do1not1require1concurrence1and1refer1to1a)1adjustment1of1detail1carrying1out1wellDestablished1national1policies1 and1b)1temporary1arrangements.!
a. Bayan!v.!Exec!Sec.!We1cannot1require1the1US1to1submit1the1V.F.A.1to1the1US1Senate1for1concurrence.1It1 is1inconsequential1if1US1treats1the1VFA1as1a1mere1exec1agreement1bec.1under1international1law,1
executive1agreements1are1just1as1binding1as1treaties.!
b. Memo!Circ!No.!89.!W/N1an1international1agreement1is1purely1an1executive1agreement1–1matter1 referred1to1DFA1Secretary1who1shall1make1the1appropriate1recommendation1to1the1President.!
c. Exchange!of!Notes.!A1record1of1a1routine1agreement1similar1to1the1private1law1contract.1Agreement1 consists1of1the1exchange1of1two1documents,1each1of1them1signed1by1the1rep1of1the1other.1Signatories1 are1either1government1Ministers,1diplomats1or1department1heads.1This1technique1is1resorted1to1bec1of1 its1speedy1procedure1and1to1avoid1process1of1legislative1approval.!
!
2. Treaty=making!Process.!
a. Negotiation!–!reps1usually1have1the1credentials1known1as1pleine)pouvoirs)(full1powers)1emanating1from1 competent1authority1that1designates1a1person1to1represent.1Representative1can1also1either1be1a)1the1Head1 of1State,1b)1Head1of1Government,1c)1Foreign1Minister,1d)1head1of1diplomatic1missions,1or1e)1rep1accredited1 to1an1international1conference1or1organization.!
b. Signing!of!the!treaty.!Principle1of1alternat)–)order1of1naming1the1plenipotentiary1is1varied.1Each1party1is1 named1and1its1plenipotentiary1signs1muna1his1own1copy.!
c. Ratification.!State1expresses1its1willingness1to1be1bound1by1the1treaty1thru1confirmation.1Our1President1 ratifies1the1treaty,1subject1to1the1concurrence1of12/31of1all1the1members1of1the1Senate.1President1is1vested1 with1authority1to1a)1deal1with1foreign1states,1b)1extend1or1withhold1recognition,1c)1maintain1diplomatic1 relations,1d)1enter1into1treaties,1and1otherwise1e)1transact1the1business1of1foreign1relations.1Kahit1signed1na1 by1the1rep,1President1still1has1the1discretion1of1w/n1to1ratify1a1treaty.1Without1his1signature,1the1Exec1Sec1or1 DFA1Sec1may1not1be1compelled1by1mandamus1to1transmit1copy1of1the1treaty1for1Senate1concurrence.!
d. Entry!into!force.!In1the1absence1of1a1provision1that1states1when1it1shall1take1force,1the1treaty1enters1into1 force1as1soon1as1the1consent1of1all1parties1to1bound1is1established.!
!
Accession/Adhesion1–1nonDsignatory1State1becomes1a1party1to1a1treaty1upon1invitation1or1permission1of1 the1contracting1parties.1
1
Reservation!–!unilateral1statement1where1a1State1purports1to1exclude1or1modify1the1legal1effect1of1certain1 provisions1of1a1treaty.1If1the1reservation1is1compatible1with1the1object1and1purpose1of1the1treaty,1State1 remains1a1party.1
1
When!non=signatories!may!be!bound!by!a!treaty.!Pacta1tertiis1nocent1nec1prosunt.1Treaties1cannot1impose1 obligations1upon1States1not1parties1to1them.11Exceptions:1a)1Accession/Adhesion1and1b)1Most1Favored1Nation1 Clause1where1a1contracting1State1entitled1to1the1clause1may1claim1the1benefits1in1a1separate1agreement.1 1
Pacta!sunct!servanda,1treaties1must1be1observed1in1good1faith.1
State1may1even1modify1local1laws1to1make1them1conform1to1the1treaty1and1avoid1international1 embarrassment.1In1the1Philippines,1treaties1may1be1declared1invalid1if1contrary1to1the1Constitution.1
1Rebus!sic!stantibus,!contracting1State’s1obligations1under1a1treaty1terminates1when1a1vital1or1fundamental1 change1of1circumstances1occurs.1State1is1allowed1to1unilaterally1withdraw1from1a1treaty1because1of1the1
“disappearance1of1the1foundation1upon1which1it1rests.”1RULE1DOES1NOT1OPERATE1AUTOMATICALLY.1 Requisites!for!valid!invocation:1
1) Change1is1so1substantial1that1foundation1of1the1treaty1has1altogether1disappeared1 2) Change1is1unforeseen1or1unforeseeable1at1the1time1of1the1perfection1of1the1treaty1 3) Change1was1not1caused1by1the1party1invoking1the1doctrine1
4) Doctrine1is1invoked1within1a1reasonable1time1 5) Duration1of1the1treaty1is1indefinite1
6) Doctrine1cannot1operate1retroactively,1i.e.1it1must1not1adversely1affect1provisions1already1complied1 with.1
1
Interpretation!of!Treaties!must1be1in1good1faith,1in1accordance1with1the1ordinary1meaning1given1to1the1terms1 in1their1context1and1in1light1of1its1objects1and1purposes.1
1
Amendment/Modification!require1the1consent1of1all1parties,1but1if1allowed1by1the1treaty1itself,1two1States1may1 modify1a1provision1only1insofar1as1they1are1concerned.1
1
Grounds!for!Termination!of!Treaties!
a) Expiration1of1term1or1Withdrawal1of1a1party1
b) Extinction1of1one1of1the1parties1in1a1bipartite1treaty1when1the1rights1and1obligations1under1the1treaty1 would1not1devolve1upon1the1State1succeeding1the1extinct1State1
c) Mutual1agreement1of1all1parties1
d) Denunciation1or1desistance1by1one1of1the1parties1(Right1of1Denunciation)1 e) Supervening1impossibility1of1performance1
f) Conclusion1of1a1subsequent1inconsistent1treaty1 g) Loss1of1the1subject1matter1
i) Rebus1sic1stantibus1
j) Outbreak1of1war1between1the1parties1UNLESS1the1treaty1precisely1relates1to1the1conduct1of1war1 k) Severance1of1diplomatic1relations1(only1if1indispensable1for1application)1
l) Doctrine1of1jus)cogens)or1the1emergence1of1a1new1peremptory1norm1
!
!