Impacto de las arcillas en mezclas base cemento

The elements in circulation spaces are corridors, lifts, and staircases.

Corridors

A design should consider good use of natural daylight and solar gain, and offer views from circulation space. Natural daylight is considered to assist health and well-being, making spaces more welcoming and convivial (Ulrich, 1984). Corridors reliant on artificial light can be dull and may be confusing for some residents. Natural daylight could be brought into a space by a number of methods such as windows, skylights and light wells. Windows provide views that can allow users to orientate themselves by association with a particular route and area of the building (Douglas and Douglas, 2005).

Consideration should be given to the provision of windows and the transparency of circulation spaces, including methods of borrowing light between corridors and communal spaces (Newman, 1972, 1973, 1996).

Good daylight and views are therefore the first theme in this section.

The circulation spaces should be designed as the same way as habitable spaces; excessive long sterile corridors should be avoided (see Figure 4.24) (Barnes, 2002; Douglas, 1991; Lawton, 1985, 1987). Thus, theme two states that a proposed building should have circulation spaces of minimal length and avoid dead ends. The design strategy should use space as a resource, and dual use of circulation space should be explored so that routes have other functional uses. Interesting, flexible casual sitting and gathering spaces should be encouraged within the circulation to allow users to utilise the space for socialising and rest if needed (Barnes, 2002; Douglas, 1991; Lawton, 1985, 1987). The spaces should be active while maintaining privacy to apartments (Alexander, 1979; Altman, 1976; Lawton, 1985, 1987; Nezlek et al., 1994, 2002; Nezlek, 2001; Nezlek and Reis, 1999; Rapoport, 1988;

Relph, 1976; Werner et al., 1985), as noted in the third theme.

Figure 4.24: Casual sitting and gathering spaces should be encouraged within the circulation

Source: Author

Accessible corridors for buggy and wheelchair use are requirements for a scheme. However, the design should ensure that circulation space does not compromise usable space that could be incorporated into other activities (Alexander, 1979; Barnes, 2002). So, the fourth theme relates to a high ratio of usable area to gross floor area. The design of circulation space should primarily promote a homely atmosphere (Buttimer, 1980; Buttimer and Seamon,1980; Canter, 1977a and b, 1983; Dovey, 1978; Hayward, 1977;

Sixsmith, 1986; Somerville, 1992; 1997; Torrington, 1996, 2007), which is the fifth theme. The sixth is that a scheme should incorporate clear circulation patterns and design features to aid orientation and way-finding, with consideration given to access points and where there are changes in direction (Lawton, 2001; Lawton et al., 2000; Passini et al., 1998, 2000).

Finally, colour and contrast should be used to avoid monotonous routes.

Artwork should also be incorporated at key areas of the circulation space (Despres, 1991a and b; Newman, 1972, 1973, 1996; Rowles, 1983; Ulrich et al., 1991).

Lifts

The statement points out that lifts should be well distributed and located so that travel distances to apartments are minimised. Theme one states that lifts should not have adverse effects on communal spaces, apartments, and the overall comfort of residents from noise and vibration, i.e. noise from lift mechanisms as well as noise generated from users while waiting around the lift (Lawton, 1982, 1985, 1987; Passini et al., 1998, 2000). Secondly, the

maintenance should be easily achieved without causing disturbance to residents (Norberg-Schulz, 1965; Torrington, 2004). The third theme is that lifts should be located to minimise travel distances for users(Douglas, 1991;

Lawton, 1982, 1985, 1987). Finally, there should be an appropriate ratio of lifts to the number of users (Torrington, 2004).

Staircases

The location of staircases should also have no adverse effects on communal spaces, apartments or the overall comfort of residents in terms of noise and vibrations (Lawson, 2001; Passini et al., 1998, 2000). Secondly, staircases should be located in appropriate areas to minimise travel distances to apartments (Douglas, 1991; Lawton, 1982, 1985; 1987). Thirdly, their purpose should be defined and clear, and they should be easy to use (Alexander et al., 1977a; Passini, et al., 1998). The location and arrangement of staircases should engage with adjacent areas (Day, 2004; Nezlek et al., 1994, 2002). In particular, stairs should be easily identifiable from communal spaces and should be well illuminated (Alexander et al., 1977a). . The summary of the Circulation Spaces category is shown in the Table 4.19 below.

Table 4.19: Shows the Circulation Spaces category, sub-headings together with criteria for each statement

7.00 Circulation Spaces

Ref. Sub-headings Criteria

7.01 Corridors

(Douglas and Douglas, 2005;

Newman, 1972, 1973, 1996; Ulrich, 1984)

1 Good daylight, solar gain and views within the circulation space

(Barnes, 2002; Douglas, 1991;

Lawton, 1985, 1987)

2 Minimise length of circulation spaces and avoid dead ends (Alexander, 1979; Altman, 1976;

Lawton, 1985, 1987; Nezlek et al., 1994, 2002; Nezlek, 2001; Nezlek and Reis, 1999; Rapoport, 1988;

Relph, 1976; Werner et al., 1985)

3 Circulation spaces are designed to encourage informal activities other than just movement.

Casual sitting areas that are usable, and not adjacent to sources of noise or invade on personal privacy of residents apartments

(Alexander, 1979; Barnes, 2002) 4 Efficient provision of circulation space (provision of high ratio of usable area to gross built area)

7.00 Circulation Spaces

Ref. Sub-headings Criteria

(Alexander, 1979; Buttimer,1980;

Buttimer and Seamon,1980; Canter, 1977a & b, 1983; Dovey, 1978;

Hayward, 1977; Sixsmith, 1986;

Somerville, 1992; 1997; Torrington, 1996, 2007)

5 Design promotes a homely environment

(Lawton, 2001; Lawton et al., 2000;

Passini et al., 1998, 2000)

6 Clear circulation pattern and features to key access points and change in direction to aid orientation

(Despres, 1991a & b; Newman, 1972, 1973, 1996; Rowles, 1983; Ulrich et al., 1991)

7 Use of decoration, artwork and view to create variety within the circulation spaces

7.02 Lifts

(Lawton, 1982, 1985, 1987; Passini et al., 1998, 2000)

1 Location of lifts do not have adverse effects on communal spaces, apartments and the overall comfort of residents in terms of mechanical noise and vibrations or noise from people gathered around lifts

(Norberg-Schulz, 1965; Torrington, 2004)

2 Maintenance can be easily achieved without causing disturbance to residents (Douglas, 1991; Lawton ,1982, 1985,

1987)

3 Minimal travel distances from the lift to the apartment

(Torrington, 2004) 4 Relative number of lifts to users based on lift traffic analysis 7.03 Staircases

(Lawson, 2001; Passini et al., 1998, 2000)

1 Location of staircases do not have adverse effects on communal spaces, apartments and the overall comfort of residents in terms of noise from people on stairways is

considered (Douglas, 1991; Lawton ,1982, 1985,

1987)

2 Minimal travel distances from the staircase to the apartment (Alexander et al., 1977a; Passini et

al., 1998)

3 Purpose is defined, clear and easy to use

(Alexander et al., 1977a; Day, 2004;

Nezlek et al., 1994, 2002)

4 Staircases engage with adjacent areas

Apartments 4.2.8

The issues within the Apartments category are defined as number of apartments, layouts, use of space, adaptability, daylighting, acoustics, storage, and apartment entrance.

Number of Apartments

The overall number and size of apartments within the scheme should meet the requirements as identified in the output specification (see Figure 3.4).

There is an option for bidders to exceed the number specified. In case of refurbishment scheme, any additional apartment must be equal to or be greater than the size of the existing apartment (Buttimer, 1980; Buttimer and Seamon, 1980; Chapman and Hockey, 1999; Rivlin, 1990, 1996). Secondly, the ratio of one- to two-bedroom apartments should be as specified. The number of two-bedroom apartments should also meet the requirements (Torrington, 2004).

Layouts

The first theme is that the layout of each individual apartment should be simple. Complex layouts could cause confusion and should be avoided (Altman, 1976; Altman and Werner, 1985; Heidegger, 1971, 1977, 1993;

Horwitz and Tognoli, 1982; Lawton, 1990; 1998; Massey, 1992; Moore, 1998; Moore and Canter,1991, 1993; Moore et al., 1995; Porteous and Smith, 2001). Secondly, the size and proportion of each apartment space should meet good practice standards for room areas and widths. Specifically, this applies to: the living space, kitchen, main (double) bedroom, second (single) bedroom and bathroom (Cooper, 1976, 1995; Douglas, 1991;

Lawton, 1982; Parker et al., 2004, Torrington, 2007).

Use of Space

Rooms should be spatially arranged to avoid obstructed progression through spaces (Altman, 1976; Benjamin, 1995b; Canter, 1997; Parker et al., 2004;

Relph, 1976). Secondly, internal doors to the apartments should also be logically arranged to provide short and simple walking distances between spaces. Good practice is to arrange direct access to the lounge from the hallway and the kitchen (Alexander et al., 1977a; Lawton, 1982; Parker et al., 2004). Thirdly, all areas should be accessible, particularly for wheelchair and walking frame users. Provision should be made for turning circles.

Furthermore, the design should demonstrate consideration for people with physical disabilities and visual impairments (Canter, 1977a; Cooper, 1976;

Douglas, 1991; Lawton, 1990, 1998; Parker et al., 2004).

Adaptability

Flexibility should be provided in the design of the second bedroom, so that it can be converted for different uses, e.g. office or library, with access from either the hall or lounge (Appleyard, 1979; Cooper, 1976; Douglas and Douglas, 2005; Lawton, 1985; 1987; Smith, 1994).

Daylighting

The statement notes that apartments should be oriented and configured to maximise daylight, enhance views and where possible allow access to (private) external spaces (see Figures 4.25 and 4.26). Thus the first theme is that north- facing apartments should be avoided (Douglas and Douglas, 2005; Ulrich et al., 1991). Secondly, apartments should provide access to external spaces for natural light, while retaining security (Alexander, 1979;

Despres, 1991a and b; Douglas and Douglas, 2005; Dovey, 1985; Newman, 1972, 1973, 1996; Parker et al., 2004; Torrington, 2007; Ulrich et al., 1991).

Figure 4.25: Private patio designed as a partially enclosed space Source: https://a1.muscache.com/pictures/29766182/large.jpg

Source: (Hertzberger, 1998; https://a1.muscache.com/pictures/23920178/large.jpg).

Acoustics

According to the statement, apartments should be arranged to maximise acoustic comfort and resist the passage of noise and unwanted sounds.

Therefore the theme is that the arrangement should avoid adjacencies of noise-sensitive spaces to neighbours, services and lifts. Where adjacencies of services and apartments cannot be avoided and where room adjacencies between apartments are not ideal, materials should be used that minimise sound transmission (Alexander et al., 1977a; Lawton, 1982, 1985; Newell, 1994).

Figure 4.26: Various layouts for balcony provision forming stronger connection to the building