IMPLEMENTACIÓN DE LA ESTRATEGIA METODOLÓGICA

environmental conditions. This is necessary because both Trinidad and Tobago are exposed to tankers transporting different kinds of oil, which traverse the Caribbean. In the case of Trinidad, different kinds of crude are actually imported for refining.

The Plan is also deficient in its lack of detail. This is evident, for example, in its treatment of Section 3 which is entitled "Marine Pollution". Section 3(a) lists

the category of expected spills as ranging from IM, which is equivalent of up to 500 barrels, to 4M which refers to spills of more than 20,000 barrels. It then goes on to say who will deal with which size of spill, as follows:

"Categories IM and 2M should normally be handled by the organisation responsible

for the spill.

Category 3M will require the cooperation of other local agencies and oil' companies Category 4M will require external assistance,

the Clean Caribbean Cooperative being the primary agency from which aid will be enlisted. "

It is only for category 4M that an expanded explanation is given. It is absolutely necessary in a Plan like this, that participants know who they are, and what are their respon- siblilties, and this information should be clearly indicated to avoid misunderstandings at crucial moments. Thus, the "other local agencies and oil companies" which will cooperate in this venture, shou-ld be identified clearly. Other relevant questions which arise are - will all the listed agencies be expected to assist at the same time; by what means will all the listed agencies be notified that

their assistance is required?

Similarly, with respect to categories IM and 2M, spills of this size occur quite often in ports and bunkering areas, but may not be either the fault or responsibility of those organisations. In those cases, what will be the procedure? This also raises questions as to why organisa­ tions such as ports, companies providing dry-docking facilities and such other organisations are not included as members of this Plan.

Section 3<b>, Methods of Treatment" reads:

"ALL SPILLS should be handled by the following

steps:

(1) Locate and control the source of the spill (2) Contain the spill if practicable

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(4) Disperse the remaining oil " (emphasis theirs)

The Plan does not recognise that there, are many different kinds of crudes and that each has different properties which would sometimes entail the need for different handling methods. Crude oils may roughly be divided into two groups - dispersible and non-dispersible. While Trinidad's crude may be categorised as dispersible, the treatment of non- dispersible oils must, nevertheless, be given consideration

in a national contingency plan.

There is a modification allowed in the Plan for treatment of spills in "harsher environments" as follows:

(1) Locate and control the source of the spill (2) Contain, if possible, the spill

(3) Otherwise monitor and/or disperse the spill

There is no recommendation to collect the spill, but there is the possibility of dispersal. This is questionable, for if the environment is so harsh that collection is

impossible, the likelihood is that the oil will disperse naturally under the prevailing conditions - i.e. through the action of wind and waves. On the subject of collection of oil, there is need to be familiar with what is available today. Ongoing research in this field, develops new methods of collection constantly, and it is not always necessary to spend large sums of money on equipment which may, hopefully, never be used.

Regarding Tobago, the Plan acknowledges that :

"Tobago, however, is an internationally famous holiday resort island with an ecologically highly sensitive coral reef which serves as a

spawning bed for exotic tropical fishes."

Yet, the combat plan for Tobago is "the storage of chemicals at Crown Point Airport (which) will facilitate action to

ensure the rapid protection of the island's coastline.

Overall, the Plan does not reflect present day world wide opinion concerning clean-up methods for oil spills. Too much emphasis is placed on the use of chemicals in combatting spills - evidence of the over-riding

importance which has been, and still is given to the oil industry. Over the years, experimentation and pactice have led to international acceptance of the view that, more often than not, greater damage is done to the environment by the chemicals used to disperse oil, than by the oil itself. It happens sometimes, that the oil may float above a coral

reef, or, even if stranded on-shore at low tide, may be washed away and disappear at high tide, with little or no visible damage to the plant or animal life in the marine environment. This is, of course, dependent on various factors such as type of coastline, wave height, type of oil etc. Dispersants if used, however, because of their toxicity may destroy the very life they are used to protect. There are other ways in which dispersants may fail to achieve the purpose for which they are used.

In an unpublished paper presented to a meeting of the Bonn Agreement countries in the summer of 1965, Mr.W. Koops of the Dutch Directorate of Rijkswaterstaat reported on field experiments conducted by his organisation in conjunction with the Delft Hydraulics Laboratory. These experiments aimed at obtaining field data on the dispersion processes in relation to the meteorological and hydrodynamic circumstances. The main conclusions were:

<a> dispersion is .not enhanced by spraying of dispersant on an oil. slick

<b) fast dispersion as on a laboratory scale did not occur

<c) the ineffectiveness of the dispersants was apparently caused by, the poor

mixing of the dispersant with the oil layer or by washing away from the oil layer before penetrating into the layer.

A list of conclusions and recommepdations presented in the paper is attached as Annex 3.

The membership of the Oil Spill Plan Committee as stated in the Plan is in need of revision. The existing committee seems comprised of the oil interests mainly, and one or two public organistions which will assist with the clean-up process. No consideration appears to have been given to the need for other organisations such as the ports, or for that matter research organisations like the Institute of Marine Affairs, the University of the West Indies or the Caribbean Industrial Research Institute, to participate in the committee.

Section 10 of the Plan deals with principles