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The context once known can be used in different applications to meet the user’s own convenience for the purposeful object. In the proposed system however the inference rules are specific to the system but the instantiated data can be used in different applications where the system needs activity context. We have reviewed the number of context-aware applications like Dey [11], Chen x Kotz [23] and Baldauf et al. [55], these are presented below:

Context: Location.

One of the first location-aware system that exploits the location of the badge wearer and sends information to the receptionist. The system helps to forward the phone calls at the user’s convenience e.g. nearby telephone according to the current location.

Teleporting – making applications mobile [21] Context: Location of the User and Workstations.

Teleporting, called as “followme” computing makes use of an application to follow the user by mapping the user interface from the location of the user to the nearby resources which are in the same circle.

Mobisaic Web Information System [25] Context: Location and Time.

Mobisaic Web Information System refers context information in the dynamic URLs by the authors. This system helps with active documentation through which the web pages change automatically by looking at the change of other variables e.g. environmental.

Shopping Assistant [1]

Context: Location of the Customer within the Store.

Shopping assistant provides help with the position of the items, and states any sale of the items to the shoppers through the store. This system stores and maintains the users’ profiles which is a privacy concern.

Cyberguide [24]

Context: Location and Time of the Tourist.

This system provides location and direction information of the tourist on the interactive map. Diary is also maintained automatically to suggest other

places that might be catchy to the tourist. Global Positioning System (GPS) and an Infrared (IR) Positioning System detect the outdoor and indoor location respectively.

Conference Assistant [12]

Context: Location of the Attendee, Time, Plan of Presentations.

This system examines plans of the conference, presentation topic, location, and research interest for the specific user to suggest that one should attend the presentation. It further takes hold of the conference by recording the presentation and comments for later use.

People and Object Pager [65]

Context: Location of the User, Objects and the People Nearby.

This system sends a notification to a badge wearer who has not worn any pager through nearby visitor. Another approach of the system is whenever any book is needed the message is broadcasted to all so that notification may be sent afterwards.

Fieldwork [6]

Context: Location of the User and Time.

Fieldwork provides assistance in the data collection and observations by fieldworkers. The system records data regarding environment, location and time tagged on the map.

Adaptive GSM phone and PDA [7]

Context: Activity of the User, Level of Light, Proximity of other People. In this system font size becomes larger or normal according to the user’s activity i.e. walking or stationary respectively on the PDA. This adopts the environmental conditions and ringing patterns of the phone also.

Office Assistant [30]

Context: Activity of the Office Owner and Schedule.

Whenever any visitor comes at the office door and places their feet on the pressure sensitive mats, the assistant (an agent) interacts with them to manage the schedule of the office owner, should he is busy, free or otherwise, by looking at the visitor’s ID. Such systems would be more helpful if scheduled information of the visitor could be gathered, to help automatic appointment system like inContext [31].

ComMotion [57]

Context: Location and Time.

This project developed at MIT creates messages considering time and location the recipient arrives at a place. The system can also send and read voice messages on the screen for the user. CybreMinder [10] at Georgia Tech reminds according to the location of nearby people, and current weather conditions.

The use of context-aware systems varies from application to application. We can easily understand from the literature that till now most of the work is done for the location context and less work is done in the activity context. Activity context is sensed with the help of hardware sensors and the activities like standing, walking, sitting etc. are being sensed using hardware sensors which are at some stage useful but many activities of the users are still in infancy.

Hardware sensors can best answer the questions: what the user is doing? (e.g. typing); but may be less advantageous when the questions like the following occur: what a user is doing with typing?, where software sensors can answer more appropriately. Software sensors can also sense the way a user is playing

with the computer, so that a change of software should occur accordingly to a user’s current context as per her needs and criteria which is the cornerstone to the field of context-aware systems.

This research has proposed to work on software sensors that sense the user’s activity by looking at the exchanges occurred between user and services, this sensed data is then mapped to the structured knowledge to further infer the context. We believe this solution will aid researchers to develop more into software sensors based systems.