Implicación de AhR en la resistencia adquirida a los ITQs de EGFR

C

calcium-deficiency disorders

conditions caused by

insufficient levels of calcium in the tissues. Absorption of calcium from food and its deposition in bone is fa- cilitated by vitamin D, and deficiency of this vitamin is the usual cause of rickets, a disease of childhood marked by de- formed bones and teeth and lax muscles, and osteomalacia, the adult form of rickets. Osteoporosis, in which the bones become brittle and break easily, is caused by resorption (loss) of calcified bone due to disease or aging (it is common in postmenopausal women). Tetany (muscle spasms) is due to a deficiency of calcium in the blood.

calcium regulation

the maintenance of calcium levels

in the blood and other extracellular fluids. Secretion of

parathyroidhormone by the parathyroid glands causes release of ionic calcium from the bones, whereas calci-

tonin, produced by the thyroid gland, promotes calcium resorption.

calendar age

see chronologicalage.

calendar calculation

the rare ability to identify the

day of the week for any given date, such as February 19, 1878, in a matter of seconds. Calendar calculators are fre- quently savants who usually have no evident mathemati- cal ability but may be able to perform other feats with the calendar, such as correctly answering the question, “In what years did April 16 fall on a Sunday?” No satisfactory explanation has been found for this skill. See also idiotsa- vant.

calibration

n. the process of assigning values to a meas-

uring device (instrument, test, or scale) relative to a refer- ence standard. For example, it would be useful to compare the scores on a new test of intelligence with those from an older, well-accepted test to ensure that the new test scores provide comparable ratings or values. To do so, a re- searcher might select a group of people (the calibration sample), administer each individual both the old and new tests, and then assess the results.

California Achievement Tests

(CAT) an achieve-

ment test battery developed by the California Test Bureau to assess the basic skills of students in kindergarten through 12th grade. Now in its sixth edition and called Ter- raNova CAT, it consists of various multiple-choice subtests across 13 levels (K–12) and six thinking-process categories (gathering information, organizing information, analyzing information, generating ideas, synthesizing elements, eval- uating outcomes). Among the academic areas covered (at appropriate levels) are reading, language, spelling, mathe- matics, study skills, science, and social studies. It was originally published in 1943 as a revision of the now obsolete 1933 Progressive Achievement Tests, which were also developed by the California Test Bureau.

California Psychological Inventory

(CPI) a self-

report inventory designed to evaluate adult and adolescent personality characteristics, interpersonal behavior, and social interaction. It consists of 434 true–false statements (a 260-statement short form is also available) that pro- duce scores on 20 scales divided into four measurement classes: (a) poise, ascendancy, self-assurance, and interpersonal adequacy; (b) socialization, responsibility, intraper- sonal values, and character; (c) achievement potential and intellectual efficacy; and (d) intellectual and interest modes.

Originally published in 1957, the CPI is now in its third edition (published in 1996). Also called California Psy-

chological Inventory Test. [devised by U.S. psychologist

Harrison G. Gough (1921– ) at the University of Califor- nia, Berkeley]

California Verbal Learning Test

(CVLT) a word-list

learning test consisting of 16 items belonging to one of four categories. Currently in its second edition (CVLT–II), the test assesses immediate freerecall following each of five learning trials as well as an interference trial. Free re- call and cuedrecall are also assessed following a short- term delay (immediately after the interference trial) and a long-term (20-minute) delay. Finally, long-term recogni- tion is assessed using distractors that vary in their likelihood of eliciting false positive errors. In addition to the adult version, a 9-item version has been developed for use with individuals with memory impairment (CVLT–II Short Form). There is also a 15-item version for children ages 5 to 16, the California Verbal Learning Test for Children (CVLT– C). See also recallscoremethod. [originally published in 1987 by U.S. neuropsychologists Dean C. Delis (1951– ), Joel H. Kramer, Edith kaplan, and Beth A. Ober (1952– )]

callback

n. in consumer psychology, a follow-up inter-

view usually undertaken with a consumer after an initial interview about a product or service. Callbacks are carried out to assess continued satisfaction or possible changes in opinion.

call boy

see malehomosexualprostitution.

call girl

a female prostitute who does not work out of a

brothel or by soliciting in the street. Instead, her services are ordered by telephone, and she may then be collected by the client or come to the client’s home or hotel. Call girls typically charge higher prices than other types of prosti- tutes.

calling card

see signature.

callosal

adj. referring to the corpuscallosum.

callosal apraxia

an inability to perform learned, pur-

poseful movements (see apraxia) due to lesions of the

corpuscallosum.

callosal gyrus

see cingulatecortex.

callosal sulcus

a fissure or groove that separates the

corpus callosum from the cingulatecortex along the medial side of each cerebral hemisphere.

callosectomy

n. see commissurotomy.

callosotomy

n. see commissurotomy.

callosum

n. see corpuscallosum.

calmodulin

n. a protein that binds calcium ions in many

calcium-regulated processes in living cells. For example, calmodulin is involved in muscle contraction and in the cascade of neurochemical events that underlies memory formation.

caloric intake

the consumption of food as measured in

calories.

caloric nystagmus

a test that involves pouring water,

either above or below body temperature, into the ear and measuring nystagmus.

caloric restriction

a reduction of total energy intake

that does not cause nutrient deficiencies or pathological metabolic extremes, such as hypoglycemia. Although caloric restriction has been shown to have a positive effect on health and longevity in animal models in research, long-

calorie

C

term maintenance has proven difficult to achieve among humans.

calorie

(symbol: cal) n. the amount of energy required to

raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 8C. For most purposes, the calorie (a c.g.s. unit) has been replaced by the SI unit of work and energy, the joule: 1 cal = 4.1868 J. How- ever, the energy values of foods are sometimes still ex- pressed in kilocalories (or Calories [Cal]: 1 Cal = 1,000 cal).

Calvinism

n. a form of Protestant Christianity based on

the teachings of French-born reformer John Calvin (1509– 1564, also known as Jean Cauvin). He taught that God will grant salvation only to those who are predestined to re- ceive it as an unmerited gift, the rest of humanity being predestined to damnation. Humans therefore can do noth- ing to save themselves and have no free will. See predesti- nation.

CAM

1. abbreviation for celladhesionmolecule. 2. abbreviation for complementaryandalternativemedicine.

camaraderie

n. comradeship: goodwill and light-

hearted rapport between friends or members of a social group, especially of a military unit. Camaraderie is an important component of the morale, unit cohesion, and es- prit de corps required in forming and sustaining unit dynamics. It can also serve as a buffer in protecting members of a unit.

camisole

n. see straitjacket.

camouflage

n. the use of cryptic coloration and vocal

signals that are difficult to localize in order to conceal one’s location (see crypsis). Many nonhuman animal species use camouflage to escape the notice of predators or to avoid de- tection by prey. For example, a stick insect looks like an ac- tual stick in its environment, allowing it to blend in. Camouflage alarmcalls have acoustic features that make it difficult to determine the caller’s location. See also coun-

tershading. Compare advertisement.

cAMP

abbreviation for cyclicamp.

camphoraceous

adj. denoting one of the seven classes

of odorants in the stereochemicalsmelltheory.

camphorated tincture of opium

see paregoric.

Campral

n. a trade name for acamprosate.

camptocormia

n. a condition in which the back is bent

forward at a sharp angle (308–908). In some cases, it may be a rare manifestation of conversiondisorder and may be accompanied by back pain, tremors, or both. It is also occasionally seen in Parkinson’s disease.

campus crisis center

a campus organization created

to provide support and advice for students experiencing personal difficulty or trauma in their school, college, or university. Substance abuse, rape, depression, academic failure, and suicidal tendencies are typical of the problems or traumas encountered by students. A campus crisis center may offer such services as counseling, a hotline, or an escort service for students returning to housing late at night.

Canadian Psychological Association

(CPA) a pro-

fessional organization representing psychologists in Can- ada, organized in 1939 and incorporated in 1950. Its objectives are to lead, advance, and promote psychology as a science and profession for the benefit of humanity; to provide leadership in psychology in Canada; to promote

the advancement, dissemination, and application of psychological knowledge; and to develop standards and ethi- cal principles for education, training, science, and practice in psychology.

canalization

n. 1. in evolutionary genetics, the contain-

ment of variation of certain characters within narrow bounds so that expression of underlying genetic variation is repressed. It is a developmental mechanism that main- tains a constant phenotype over a range of different envi- ronments in which the organism might normally occur. 2. in neuroscience, the hypothetical process by which repeated use of a neural pathway leads to greater ease of transmission of impulses and hence its establishment as permanent. 3. in psychology, the channeling by an organ- ism of its needs into fixed patterns of gratification, for example, food or recreational preferences.

cancellation test

a test of perceptual and motor speed

requiring the participant to cancel out randomly scattered symbols on a page or screen.

cancer

n. any one of a group of diseases characterized by

the unregulated, abnormal growth of cells to form malig- nant tumors (see neoplasm), which invade neighboring tissues; the abnormal cells are generally capable of spread- ing via the bloodstream or lymphatic system to other body areas or organs by the process of metastasis. Causes of cancer are numerous but commonly include viruses, envi- ronmental toxins, diet, and inherited genetic variations. Cancers are generally classified as carcinomas if they in- volve the epithelium (e.g., cancers of the lungs, stomach, or skin) and sarcomas if the affected tissues are connective (e.g., bone, muscle, or fat). More than 150 different kinds of cancer have been identified in humans, based on cell types, rate of growth, and other factors. Because cancers can be disfiguring and life threatening, psychological coun- seling is often helpful for patients. —cancerous adj.

cancer phobia

a persistent and irrational fear of cancer,

which may be a symptom of obsessive-compulsivedisor-

der or generalizedanxietydisorder; it may also be classified as a specificphobia, other type. The belief that one actually has cancer based on a misinterpretation of bodily symptoms is classified as hypochondriasis.

candidiasis

n. infection caused by yeastlike fungi of the

genus Candida, especially the species Candida albicans. These fungi are part of the normal flora of the mouth, skin, intes- tinal tract, and vagina but under certain circumstances can cause a variety of infections. Candidiasis commonly af- fects the mouth, skin folds, and vagina. Less commonly, but more seriously, Candida can cause systemic infection lead- ing to septicemia, endocarditis, meningitis, or osteomyeli- tis. Such serious infections are more common in individuals who are weakened or immunocompromised, such as those with AIDS. Candidiasis was formerly called

moniliasis.

can-do factors

see will-dofactors.

cane

n. an aid for sitting, standing, or mobility for people with visual impairment or other disabilities. Canes for individuals with neuromuscular disabilities, often called ortho- pedic canes, are usually sturdy shafts of solid wood or metal designed for weight bearing, with a curved or hori- zontal handle at the top, a rubber tip at the bottom, and sometimes three or four feet. Canes for individuals with visual impairment generally are slimmer, lighter, longer, made of metal, and used for orientation. See orientation andmobilitytraining.

cannula

C

cannabidiol

(CBD) n. a cannabinoid that lacks the psy-

choactive properties of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC) but shares its anti-inflammatory and other medical properties. Its potential roles in the management of a wide range of medical conditions are being studied.

cannabinoid

n. any of a class of about 60 substances in

the cannabis plant that includes those responsible for the psychoactive properties of the plant. The most important cannabinoid is tetrahydrocannabinol.

cannabinoid receptor

any of a family of specialized

molecules in cell membranes that bind with cannabis- based compounds and similar bodily created substances (i.e., with cannabinoids and endogenouscannabinoids, respectively). There are two known types: CB1 receptors,

first identified in 1988 by U.S. pharmacologists Allyn C. Howlett and William A. Devane and located primarily within the brain and spinal cord; and CB2 receptors, lo-

cated primarily within the spleen and other tissues of the immune system. Findings from recent research indicate the existence of other types of cannabinoid receptors (e.g., GPR55), but their characteristics have yet to be completely elaborated. Both CB1 and CB2 receptors are coupled to g

proteins, which affect levels of secondmessengers that act to open or close certain ionchannels.

CB1 receptors are the most prolific G-protein-coupled re-

ceptors in the central nervous system and are concentrated particularly within the hippocampus, cerebellum, and basal ganglia, areas of the brain related to motor control, learning and memory, emotional responses, motivated behavior, and homeostasis. Their activation by endogenous cannabinoids causes short- or long-term suppression of

neurotransmitter release by neighboring neurons, lead- ing to pain reduction, smooth muscle relaxation, suppression of nausea and vomiting, enhanced appetite, reduced intraocular pressure, and a variety of other physiological and behavioral effects. Additionally, the CB1 recep-

tor is responsible for the psychoactive and psychomotor effects of plant-based cannabinoids, and it has been impli- cated in the rewarding aspects associated with the use of such drugs as alcohol, cocaine, methamphetamine, and heroin.

In contrast, activation of CB2 receptors produces immu-

nosuppressive, anti-inflammatory, and antiallergenic effects. Given this wide range of activity, efforts are ongoing to develop synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists and

antagonists for therapeutic purposes.

cannabis

n. any of three related plant species (Cannabis

sativa, C. indica, or C. ruderalis) whose dried flowering or

fruiting tops or leaves are widely used as a recreational drug, known as marijuana. The principal psychoactive agent in these plants, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol

(THC), is concentrated in the resin, most of which is in the plants’ flowering tops. When smoked, THC is rapidly ab- sorbed into the blood and almost immediately distributed to the brain, causing the rapid onset of subjective effects that last 2 to 3 hours. These effects include a sense of eu- phoria or well-being, easy laughter, perceptual distortions, impairment of concentration and short-term memory, and craving for food. Adverse effects of anxiety or panic are not uncommon, and hallucinations may occur with high doses (see also cannabis-inducedpsychoticdisorder; canna- bisintoxication). Tolerance to the effects of THC develops with repeated use, and a withdrawal syndrome has been identified. The most potent marijuana preparation is hash-

ish, which consists of pure resin. A less potent preparation is sinsemilla, also called ganja; it is made from the plants’

flowering tops. The weakest preparation is bhang. Also called hemp.

cannabis abuse

in DSM–IV–TR, a pattern of cannabis

use marked by recurrent significant adverse consequences related to its repeated ingestion. This diagnosis is preempted by the diagnosis of cannabis dependence: If the criteria for cannabis abuse and cannabis dependence are both met, only the latter diagnosis is given. In DSM–5, both have been subsumed into a category labeled cannabis use disorder and are no longer considered distinct diagno- ses. See also substanceabuse.

cannabis dependence

in DSM–IV–TR, continued use

of cannabis despite significant cannabis-related cognitive, behavioral, and physiological problems and tolerance or withdrawal symptoms (chiefly motor agitation) if use is suspended. The diagnosis, along with that for cannabis abuse, has been subsumed in DSM–5 under cannabis use disorder, and neither is considered a distinct entity any longer. See also substancedependence.

cannabis-induced psychotic disorder

a rare disor-

der marked by persecutory delusions associated with can-

nabis intoxication, sometimes accompanied by marked anxiety, emotional lability, depersonalization, and subse- quent amnesia for the episode. The disorder usually remits within a day, although it may persist for a few days. Hallu- cinations occur rarely. Also called cannabis psychosis.

cannabis intoxication

in DSM–IV–TR and DSM–5, a

reversible syndrome that occurs during or shortly after the ingestion or smoking of cannabis. It consists of clinically significant behavioral or psychological changes (e.g., enhanced sense of well-being, intensification of perceptions, a sense of slowed time), as well as one or more signs of physiological involvement (e.g., increased pulse rate, con- junctivitis, dry mouth and throat). See also substancein- toxication.

cannabis psychosis

see cannabis-inducedpsychotic

disorder.

cannibalism

n. 1. the consumption of human flesh by

humans. See also kuru. 2. a pathological urge to devour human flesh, occasionally observed in schizophrenia and similar mental disturbances, such as windigopsychosis. In classical psychoanalytic theory, cannibalistic impulses are associated with fixation at the oral-biting phase of psychosexual development. 3. the ingestion by a nonhu- man animal of a member of its own species. Some female insects kill their mate at the time of copulation and eat it as a source of protein for developing eggs. In some animal species, offspring are eaten, often in times of nutritional stress or when offspring are malformed and unlikely to sur- vive. —cannibalistic adj.

Cannon–Bard theory

the theory that emotional states

result from the influence of lower brain centers (the hypothalamus and thalamus) on higher ones (the cortex), rather than from sensory feedback to the brain produced by peripheral internal organs and voluntary musculature. According to this theory, the thalamus controls the experi- ence of emotion, and the hypothalamus controls the expression of emotion, both of which occur simultaneously. Also called Bard–Cannon theory; Cannon’s theory; hy-

pothalamic theory of Cannon; thalamic theory of Cannon. See also fight-or-flightresponse. [proposed in the 1920s and early 1930s by Walter B. cannon and Philip Bard (1898–1977), U.S. physiologist]

canon

C

to provide a channel for the escape of fluid from the cavity. It can also be inserted into a blood vessel to introduce substances into the body to avoid repeated injections by a hy- podermic needle or to take blood samples.

canon

n. a fundamental working principle or rule be-

lieved to increase the likelihood of making accurate infer- ences and meaningful discoveries. —canonical adj.

canonical analysis

any of a class of statistical proce-

dures that assess the degree of relationship between sets of variables via interpretation of a limited number of linear combinations of specific values of those variables. The overall objective of such procedures is to reduce the dimen-

sionality of the data under investigation. Examples include canonical correlation analysis, discriminant analysis, multipleregression, and multivariateanaly- sisofvariance, among others.

canonical correlation analysis

a method of data

analysis that provides a measure of the strength of the relationship between a linear combination of predictor varia-

In document Análisis genómico-funcional del receptor hidrocarburos de arilos AhR en el cáncer pulmonar: relación con las terapias dirigidas contra el oncogén EGFR (página 34-40)