4.1.2. Estructura Tributaria
4.1.2.7 Clasificación de los Tributos
4.1.2.9.1. Impuesto al Valor Agregado (IVA)
Although this research presents the details of LTE-A femtocell network systems, some prospective
future research directions still exist. The proposed algorithms can be regarded as a starting point for
future work in this field, as there remain questions regarding a range of small cell deployment scenarios
and applications.
The research on DSA in an LTE-A environment is still in an early stage, and many issues need to be
overcome before commercial implementations.
DSA for Public Safety Communications
Commercial mobile cellular networks have thrived and development is fast moving towards LTE-A.
Public safety communication systems are still utilising aged technologies in some instances due to the
lack of strong business motivation, technical difficulties in enabling the direction communication mode
under LTE-A and the lack of a standard architecture for swift emergency recovery network [199] . The
direction communication mode is vital for public safety systems, as the network coverage might be
is likely to be included with the next LTE-A release, enhancing the opportunities for DSA inclusion
[200] [204]. A standard architecture for a swift emergency recovery network is essential and network
scenarios are currently being researched. It is anticipated that DSA will play an important role in
emergency recovery networks. DSA should address the rapid nature of emergency network
deployments because fixed spectrum planning and assignment might not be possible during a disaster.
DSA should allow the sharing of spectrum with the damaged infrastructure and the gradual evacuation
of the spectrum during network recovery. Figure 6.1 depicts an example of a promising emergency
network [201], where three different eNB types are expected to contribute to the overall coverage: (1)
an airborne aerial eNB (AeNB), (2) Terrestrial eNB or RNs and (3) the recovering terrestrial
infrastructure.
DSA for Device-to-Device
In D2D/MTM communication, users are allowed to communicate directly between each other in a
peer-to-peer manner bypassing the cellular eNB. D2D/MTM peer-to-peer communications provide a
transfer, then an appropriate communication approach is to permit the UEs to connect with each other
rather than occupying radio and backhaul resources that might otherwise be better utilised.
Furthermore, studies suggest that the overall network throughput improvement can reach 65% [202].
Another important application of D2D is during natural disasters when the telecommunication
infrastructure is severely affected. However, various difficulties are associated with implementing
D2D, mainly related to spectrum utilisation and resource allocation. DSA techniques and methods are
believed to be a viable solution for effectively implementing the D2D concept in LTE-A networks
[203] [205]. The D2D concept is depicted in Figure 6.2, where D2D pairs are established between
peers without passing traffic through eNB; however, the macro network will still play a significant
role in the authorisation and authentication of users.
The communication industry is now focusing on LTE-A and a key outcome is to allow users to utilise
potentially segmented spectrum bands more efficiently and with flexible bandwidth allocation.
Although this is not a general application of DSA, it offers an excellent opportunity to demonstrate the
concept and benefit of spectrum sharing without facing the issues of spectrum regulation and primary
system protection. Recent developments such as the FCC T VWS ruling are an example of DSA based
on a primary–secondary user model and LTE-A, which relies on flexible spectrum use, and offers
opportunities to demonstrate the potential value of cognitive networks and DSA. Failure to act on these
opportunities could delay commercial deployment for many years. The research community has made
significant progress in addressing the many research challenges associated with LTE-A, cognitive
networks and DSA. However, there is a large gap between individual research results, useful building
blocks and the large-scale deployment of cognitive networks that dynamically optimise spectrum use.
Bridging this gap is one of the major research challenges, while other research challenges include
spectrum policy alternatives and system models, CR architectures, software abstraction, DSA
technologies and algorithms, protocol architectures for cognitive networks, and cognitive algorithms
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