Incumplimientos detectados mediante estudio de observación

Table 6.16 Differences in perceptions of socio-cultural impacts between Hmong working and Hmong not working with ETAs (figures in bold indicate significant differences)

Variables Mean Rank I‟ve become better known because of tourism

activities owned by ETAs

127.29 76.72 <.001 4.64 3.94 I live life more easily and conveniently, with more

modern facilities to comfort my new lifestyle influenced by ETAs in the area

137.98 65.60 <.001 4.56 3.04

I do not feel safe since more ETAs opened their businesses and work in my community

128.21 75.76 <.001 4.16 3.28 I‟ve abandoned traditional food and prefer to eat

like outsiders

113.33 91.24 .003 3.96 3.52

Hosting ETAs creates cultural conflicts for me 124.09 80.05 <.001 3.39 2.36 I do not feel welcome in tourism business areas

owned by ETAs

82.70 123.09 <.001 2.54 3.26 I forget traditional music, ceremonies and culture

after the incoming of ETAs

116.63 87.80 <.001 2.62 2.14 I feel crowded and find it difficult to participate in

traditional events because too many tourists have been brought into the area by ETAs

111.62 93.01 .006 2.00 1.91

The results demonstrate that the two groups of Hmong perceived the impacts listed on Table 6.16 differently as demonstrated in Figure 6.4. See Appendix 8, Table 30 for the results in percentages.

Figure 6.4 Differences in perceived socio-cultural impacts: comparison of means for Hmong working and Hmong not working with ETAs (5=strongly agree)

194 Increased popularity of tribal people

Both groups of Hmong agreed that they had become better known because of tourism activities owned by ETAs. However, the Mann-Whitney U test demonstrated differences in the extent of their agreement by revealing that Hmong working with ETAs selected strongly agree (76%) with the statement (mean 4.64) more than did those not working with ETAs (26%) (mean 3.94).

Higher standard of living and convenient lifestyle

Hmong people working with ETAs agreed that their lives had become easier with modern facilities influenced by ETAs in the area (mean 4.56) while the other group of Hmong thought otherwise (mean 3.04).

Safety issues

Safety issues were more a concern for 95% of Hmong working with ETAs while only 50% of the other group of Hmong shared the same concern. The mean scores were 4.16 and 3.28, respectively.

Change in tribal way of eating

Although both those working and not working agreed that they had abandoned traditional food and preferred to eat like outsiders (mean 3.96 and 3.52, respectively), Hmong working with ETAs agreed more than the other group (27% and 15%, respectively) and the Mann Whitney U test identified differences in the extent of their agreement.

Cultural conflict

Hmong working with ETAs agreed that hosting ETAs created cultural conflicts in their community (mean 3.39) while Hmong not working with ETAs thought otherwise (mean 2.36).

Loss of tribal tradition and culture

Although the Mann-Whitney U test revealed differences in perceptions of the two groups of Hmong working and not working with ETAs (p-value <.001) according to the mean scores (mean 2.62 and 2.14, respectively), the majority of both groups disagreed with the statement about tribal people forgetting their tradition and culture after the incoming of ETAs.

195 Sense of belonging

The perceptions of the two groups of Hmong towards the statement that local tribal people are not welcomed in the area where tourism businesses are owned by ETAs were different. A majority, 55% of Hmong working with ETAs disagreed and 6% strongly disagreed with the statement (mean 2.54) while 48% of the other group felt that they were not being welcomed to go near the tourism areas owned by ETAs (Mean 3.26).

Issue of crowding

Although both groups disagreed with the crowding issue, yet a significant difference was found between the level of “strongly disagree” and “disagree.” Frequency results showed only 12% of Hmong people working with ETAs strongly disagreed and 86% disagreed with the statement while 37% of the other group strongly disagreed and 51% agreed. It is interesting that though they agreed on certain issues, it did not mean they had the same degree of perceptions towards issues, as identified by the Mann-Whitney U test.

Calculations of effect size eliminated those issues with small differences between Hmong working and not working with ETAs. It identified that the perception regarding living easier and more conveniently with modern technologies was the predictor with great significant differences (r=0.64).

Having compared similarities and differences between the work groups within the Hmong ethnic group, the following tables show the results from the Mann-Whitney U test for similarities and differences between males and females within those working with ETAs, as well as between those who did not. Mean scores were also presented for a clearer understanding, however, the results in percentages can be found in Appendix 8 Table 19 and 24.

196

Table 6.17 Similarities and differences in intra-tribal perceptions of socio-cultural impacts of Hmong working and Hmong not working with ETAs by gender (figures in bold indicate significant differences)

Perceived socio-cultural impacts Sig. 5=strongly agree

Sig. 5=strongly agree I‟ve become better known because of tourism activities

owned by ETAs

.354 4.64: 4.65 .027 3.71: 4.10 I live life more easily and conveniently, with more

modern facilities to comfort my new lifestyle influenced by ETAs in the area

.080 4.67: 4.50 .691 3.10: 3.00

I do not feel as safe as before since more ETAs opened their businesses in my community

.698 4.06: 4.22 .070 3.07: 3.43 I‟ve abandoned traditional food and prefer to eat like

outsiders

.087 3.75: 4.07 .772 3.57: 3.48 Hosting ETAs creates cultural conflicts for me .074 3.08: 3.56 .204 2.50: 2.26 I do not feel welcome in tourism business areas owned

by ETAs

.254 2.64: 2.49 <.001 2.81: 3.59 I forget traditional music, ceremonies and culture after

the incoming of ETAs

.552 2.72: 2.56 .445 2.21: 2.09 I feel crowded and find it difficult to participate in

traditional events because too many tourists have been brought into the area by ETAs

.967 2.00: 2.00 .019 2.14: 1.74

6.5.3 Intra-tribal gender similarities in perceptions of the Hmong working and not