Información sobre la actitud que presentan los docentes de la Universidad Nacional Jorge Basadre Grohmann frente a la

Portland MAX Blue Line Yes $6,600

Cleveland HealthLine Yes $5,800

Portland Streetcar Yes $4,500

Kansas City Main Street Metro Area Express (MAX) Yes $5,200

Seattle South Lake Union (SLU) Streetcar Yes $3,000

Phoenix Metro Yes $2,821

Denver Central Corridor Yes $2,550

Las Vegas Strip & Downtown Express (SDX) Yes $2,000

Boston Waterfront Silver Line Yes $1,000

Ottawa Transitway Yes $1,000

Pittsburgh Martin Luther King, Jr. East Busway No $903

Charlotte Lynx Yes $810

Boston Washington Street Silver Line Yes $650

Los Angeles Orange Line No $300

Denver Southwest Corridor Yes $160

Eugene Emerald Express Green Line (EmX) Yes $100

Pittsburgh South Busway No nominal

Ottawa O-Train No nominal

Pittsburgh West Busway No nominal

Pittsburgh "The T" Yes nominal

Las Vegas Metropolitan Area Express (MAX) Yes nominal

By contrast, the Los Angeles Orange Line does not pass through or near downtown Los Angeles, and it had limited land development impacts. In Pittsburgh and Ottawa, the true BRT portions of the BRT systems end just short of those cities’ downtowns. All of the BRT corridors in Pittsburgh merge into automobile traffic when entering downtown, while in Ottawa, the fully grade- separated BRT services enter downtown but do so in underperforming curbside bus lanes. These systems also had more limited land development impacts compared to other systems.

In terms of the LRT systems we studied, Denver’s Central Corridor LRT is a combination of several LRT lines that merge as they enter downtown. As such, Denver’s Central Corrdior LRT corridor had a good impact on land development downtown. The Phoenix Metro LRT, the Blue Line LRT, and the Charlotte Lynx LRT also enter the downtown areas and connect to surrounding areas; they also had relatively positive land development impacts.

Ottawa’s curb-side bus lanes run through the downtown, but, due to traffic conflicts at the curb, do not provide any of the time-savings benefits of its extensive bus-only corridors.

FLICKR BY PAUL SHERWOOD

Seattle’s SLU Streetcar, though it carries few passengers and is relatively unimportant as a transit line, connects the South Lake Union neighborhood to downtown Seattle, linking two of Seattle’s strongest land markets. The Portland Streetcar connects downtown Portland to an adjacent former industrial zone that is now the hottest land market in Portland — the Pearl District.

In summary, the TOD impacts of a transit investment are determined by whether the investment directly serves downtown more so than by the type or quality of the transit investment.

Charlotte’s Lynx LRT connects Uptown, a former textile hub, with the downtown.

SOUTH END NEIGHBORHOOD ASSOCIATION

After the demolition of the Harbor Freeway, Portland’s waterfront was transformed into a park.

Today, many of the strongest urban land markets are waterfronts or historical districts near central business districts or subcenters. Waterfronts are an important natural feature that may make an area more attractive to potential developers. As discussed in the 2012 report The Life and Death of Urban Highways,26 _{waterfronts in cities worldwide} are often former ports or industrial areas whose connection to the rest of the city was severed by the construction of massive highways in many cases. In the 1970s, as ports relocated to deeper water farther from town centers, cities began to recognize the commercial value of redeveloping these waterfronts as lively commercial centers; as a result, they have been making improvements to the zoning codes and urban infrastructure that previously had prevented development along waterfronts. Developers have come to the table and developed new vibrant waterfronts in cities from Cleveland to Vancouver to Oslo.27

In the cities we surveyed, several areas are redeveloping primarily because they are located on waterfronts. The Waterfront Silver Line in Boston, with its new tunnel connecting central Boston to the waterfront, leveraged a considerable amount of TOD investment despite the fact that most of the transit line is of fairly low quality. Investment was a success mainly because the land was waterfront adjacent to the downtown, and hence ripe for redevelopment. The South Lake Union neighborhood in Seattle is also redeveloping in part because it is adjacent to newly accessible waterfront.

Historical districts and historical buildings are also assets that make a neighborhood more likely to be redeveloped. From the 1950s into the 1970s urban renewal demolished parts of historic town centers and waterfront areas, making way for shopping malls, highways, parking lots, and car-oriented “towers in the parking lot.”28 Those buildings that survived, however, are today becoming valuable assets for restoration that are treasured by a rising segment of the population — those whom economist Richard Florida terms the “Creative Class.” This group, whose members generally work in cities in careers structured around innovation, represents the new direction of the US post-industrial economy.29 _The

group plays a large role in the trend toward the revitalization of historic town and city centers and the reuse of former industrial zones.

As a result of these trends, the renovation of historic buildings is becoming more fashionable among real estate developers and consumers. Along the successful Pittsburgh MLK Jr. East Busway BRT corridor, for example, the East Liberty Station area is redeveloping in part due to this historical legacy. East Liberty, a once vibrant neighborhood, was destroyed in the 1970s as a result of urban renewal projects that surrounded and isolated it from the neighboring communities. While its buildings generally remained intact, its population dwindled and the neighborhood became crime-ridden. Today new tenants are taking advantage of the wide availability of the area’s beautiful historic buildings, preserving them and converting them into vibrant spaces.30 Among the developments, the trendy Ace Hotel chain is set to take over a nineteenth-century YMCA building; and Google, along with several other technology firms, has moved into a renovated Nabisco factory.