ÍTEM 7A. INFORMACIÓN CUANTITATIVA Y CUALITATIVA SOBRE RIESGOS DE MERCADO
NOTA 18 – INFORMACIÓN POR SEGMENTOS Y RELACIONADA:
Adverse effects: Underline = life-threatening
B
Primary Chemical Components and Possible ActionsChemical Class Individual Component Possible Action Volatile oil Verosterol
Tannic acid Astringent; wound healing;
antisecretory Leptandrin
Acid Cinnamic acid;
Parameth-oxycinnamic acid Resin
Gum
Mannite Diuretic
D-Mannitol
Client Considerations Assess
• Assess hepatic function test results (AST, ALT); monitor for hepatotoxicity, includ-ing jaundice, fever, and increases in hepatic function levels. If increased levels are present, discontinue use of this herb.
Administer
• Caution the client to avoid the consumption of dried leaves; hepatotoxicity can occur.
Teach Client/Family
• Caution the client not to use black root in children or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding until more research is available.
Blessed Thistle
(bleh’suhd thi’sul)
Scientifi c names: Carbenia benedicta, Cnicus benedictus, Carduus benedictus Other common names: Cardo santo, chardon benit, holy thistle, kardobene-diktenkraut, spotted thistle, St. Benedict thistle
Origin: Blessed thistle is an annual found in Europe and Asia.
Uses
Blessed thistle is used for gastrointestinal discomfort; hepatic disorders such as jaundice, hepatitis, myrroghia, and dyspepsia; to improve digestion and memory; to stimulate lactation; to treat anorexia; and as a bacteriocidal.
Actions
Blessed thistle has primarily been used to stimulate the appetite and increase gastric secretion. The sesquiterpene lactone cnicin may be responsible for the appetite stimulant and antibacterial properties. However, some reports indicate that this herb may possess antiinfective properties.
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94 Blessed Thistle
= Pregnancy = Pediatric = Alert = Popular Herb Product Availability
Capsules, dried herb, tea, tincture
Plant Parts Used: Dried leaves, upper stems, seeds Dosages
• Adult PO: 4-6 g herb daily (Blumenthal, 1998)
Contraindications Class 2b herb.
Blessed thistle should not be used during pregnancy and should not be given to children. It should not be used by persons with hypersensitivity to this herb.
Side Effects/Adverse Reactions GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia INTEG: Contact dermatitis SYST: Hypersensitivity Interactions Drug
H2-blockers, proton pump inhibitors: Blessed thistle may decrease the ac-tion of H2-blockers and proton pump inhibitors (theoretical) (Jellin et al, 2008).
Herb
Asteraceae species (arnica, boneset, burdock, bullerbur, carlile thistle, chamomile, chicory, colts’ foot daisy, dandelion, echinacea, elecampane, feverfew, goldenrod, lutein, marigold, milk thistle, mugwort, ragwort, saffl ower, santonica, saw palmetto, southern wood, stevia, tansy, wild lettuce, wormwood, yarrow): Blessed thistle may cause cross sensitivity.
Lab Test
AST, ALT, alkaline phosphatase: Blessed thistle may increase these levels.
Primary Chemical Components and Possible Actions
Chemical Class Individual Component Possible Action Sesquiterpene
lactone
Cnicin; Salonitenolide Weak cytotoxic; appetite stimulant; antibacterial Tannins
Client Considerations Assess
• Assess for allergic reactions and contact dermatitis; if these are present, discon-tinue use of this herb.
Administer
• Instruct the client to store blessed thistle in a cool, dry place, away from heat and moisture.
Bloodroot 95
Adverse effects: Underline = life-threatening
B
Teach Client/Family
• Caution the client not to use blessed thistle in children or those who are pregnant or breastfeeding until more research is available.
• Inform the client that research on this herb is lacking.
Bloodroot
!(bluhd’rewt)
Scientifi c name: Sanguinaria canadensis L.
Other common names: Coon root, Indian paint, paucon, pauson, red puccoon, redroot, sweet slumber, tetterwort
Origin: Bloodroot is a perennial found in Canada and the southern region of the United States.
Uses
Bloodroot has been used for its expectorant, antimicrobial, antiinfl ammatory, anti-plaque (dental—topically), and antifungal properties. It has also been used topically for the treatment of skin, ear, and nose cancer and for nasal polyps.
Actions
The use of bloodroot is considered to be obsolete because of its toxicity. However, its various actions account for its continued use. The isoquinolone alkaloids san-guinarine and chelerythrine possess antimicrobial and antimycobacterial actions.
Sanguinarine is a hypotensive dental antiplaque and CNS depressant.
Analgesic Action
The analgesic action of bloodroot occurs via mechanisms similar to those of opioids, with paralysis of the nerve endings leading to lessened pain.
Antiplaque Action
The antiplaque action of bloodroot is well documented in the literature. Some toothpaste and mouthwash manufacturers include bloodroot as an ingredient to help limit oral plaque. The alkaloid sanguinarine is effective against various oral bacteria (Dzink et al, 1985; Godowski, 1989). This action appears to be due to an alkaloid present in the herb.
Topical Action
Bloodroot has been found to corrode and destroy topical cancers and topical fungal infections (Phelan et al, 1963). In cancers of the nose and ears, bloodroot has been shown to destroy these lesions.
Other Actions
Methanol extracts of the rhizomes of bloodroot were analyzed. Two isoquinoline al-kaloids were identifi ed in the active fraction. Sanguinarine and chelerythrine inhib-ited the growth of bacterium (Mahady, 2003).
Product Availability Extract, tincture
Plant Part Used: Rhizome Dosages
• Adult PO extract: 0.06-0.3 ml tid (1:1 in 60% alcohol)
• Adult PO tincture: 0.3-2 ml tid
• Adult PO rhizome: 60-500 mg tid (Jellin et al, 2008)
96 Bloodroot
= Pregnancy = Pediatric = Alert = Popular Herb Contraindications
Class 2b/2d herb.
Bloodroot should not be used during pregnancy and breastfeeding, and it should not be given to children. Bloodroot should not be used to treat deep wounds. The FDA classifi es this herb as unsafe; therefore this herb should be used only under the supervision of a qualifi ed herbalist. Handling the fresh root without gloves can cause skin irritation.
Side Effects/Adverse Reactions
CNS: Headache, central nervous system depression, loss of consciousness
CV: Hypotension, shock, coma (excessive doses) EENT: Glaucoma (high-doses)
GI: Nausea, vomiting, anorexia INTEG: Contact dermatitis (topical) Interactions
Drug
Antihypertensives, ganglionic/peripheral adrenergic blockers:
Bloodroot may increase the effects of these products.
CNS depressants: Bloodroot may increase the sedative effect of CNS depressants.
Corticosteroids: Bloodroot may increase potassium loss.
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Primary Chemical Components and Possible Actions Chemical Class Individual Component Possible Action Isoquinolone
alkaloid
Sanguinarine Hypotensive, dental antiplaque, central nervous system depressant, antimicrobial, antimycobacterial Homochelidonine;
Sanguidimerine;
Chelirubine;
Sanguilutine;
Allocryptopine
Chelerythrine Antimycobacterial (Newton et al, 2002) Protopine; Oxysanguinarine;
Berberine; Coptisine Resin
Client Considerations Assess
• Assess the client’s cardiovascular status (blood pressure; pulse, including charac-ter) and level of consciousness. Hypotension, shock, and coma may occur with increased doses.
• Determine the quantity of the herb ingested.
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