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It is useful to understand the background of the safety and filtration industry as well as the situation of Chinese economic development, as context for this study. First, the safety and filtration industry is not sharply defined. It emerged about 25 years ago from existing industries such as the hardware industry, medical industry and protective industry. It is named as the safety and filtration industry in this study according to the &DQWRQ )DLU¶VFODVVLILFDWLRQ which is a prominent national product exhibition and was existed for over 100 years. It was also referenced from the classification of several famous international professional exhibitions, such as A+A safety fair, Dusseldorf, Germany; NSC Congress and Expo, USA; Safety and Health Expo NEC, Birmingham,

United Kingdom; Filtech Wiesbaden,Germany; MEDICA, Dusseldorf, Germany; and INDEX 11 Geneva Palexpo, Switzerland; and Safety in Action 2010, Melbourne Materials Handling. It was also driven from various functional and markets value, such as the air filtration industry, air purifying industry, health care industry and textile industry. This research could not rely on standard industry classifications and use data organised at that level, and was also unlikely to be able to access Chinese census data. The main products of this industry are non-woven filter materials, filter bags, pleated filter packs, personal protective equipment such as disposable dust masks, protective coveralls, safety vests etc.; as well as medical protective products, i.e. vinyl gloves, disposable surgery isolation gowns.

Hannan et al. (2007) comment that researchers should not rely so heavily on industry directories and the like. Considering all the above classification and views, this study XVHV WKH WHUP µsafety and filtration industry¶, as this view most covers the major functions and market values of the main products, and is consistent with the categories used by the primary international exhibitions. In this study, industry background is regarded as part of the research context rather than as a research target. As the macro level industrial data is unavailable, and also because the fine grained in-depth qualitative approach is to be adopted, the industry classification will not have any direct influence relating to the validity of primary data collection, data analysis and results. Barnett and Carroll (1995) support that most of the new surging stream of research on organizational change arises from analysis of a particular industry or specific institutional context, which focus on organizational phenomenon exploration and consequence evaluation itself. One main product is clarified in detail next.

Non±woven filter fabric is one of the main products and is also raw material for many other products, such as the disposable isolation gown, microporous coverall, respirator. 7KHSURGXFWV¶YDULHW\GHSHQGVRQWKH processing technology of spunbonded, melt blown, needle punch, water punches, spun-laid, air-laid, hot-air-through thermal-bonded, chemical bonded and wet-laid types. The first non-woven material produced in China was in 1965, but it is not until the middle of the 1980s that large scale production began

(Fonters and Bosander, 2000). Thus the history is only of the last 25 years or so in China. Taking water punches non-woven filter fabric as example, there were only two production lines for water punches non woven fabric in China in 1994 with a small quantity of production of only 1,000 tons that year, and the market share was 35.71% (Zheng, 2007). Following increasing awareness of environmental and safety protection, more factories were set up, and more varieties of filter materials became available. Annual production of water punches non-woven filter fabric reached 95,000 tons in 2006, with a excess capacity of 63,000 tons by 95 production lines in China. The yearly production output of all types of non-woven fabric has increased from less than 5,000 tons at the beginning to over 300,000 tons in 2006, including 13,000 tons of filter material. Some 80% of these filter materials are produced by the method of needle-punch.

Environmental protection regulations issued by the Chinese government in the 1990s meant stricter control over what was released into the environment, which meant greater demand for filter material to avoid secondary pollution. Filter material is widely used in dust/smoke/oil/water filters and collectors in steel production, metallurgical and chemical factories, as well as circuit, computer, automobile and aerospace industries. Super-fine fibre filter material is used for beverage, food, pharmaceuticals and textiles industries, and more filters are applied in family houses, offices, hospitals and hotels. The characteristics of the filter fabrics are high filtration efficiency, low breathing resistance, expendable but with retrievability. The total turnover of non woven filter material production is about 190 million dollars in 2005, with an average increase rate of 31% per year. Yearly production in China occupies almost one-third of yearly production of the world. The expected annual production of non-woven filter fabric will overtake woven filter fabric, and will reach about 30,000±40,000 tons in China in 2010. It is predicted that the annual rate of growth will remain over 10% for the next five to ten years.

In order to get a picture of the development of the non-woven filter fabric as the main product reflecting the industry development in China, and to compare Chinese general

economic development conditions, the historical milestones of this product are listed in a chronological format for reference below.

Table 4.1 : Historical milestones of non-woven filter fabric development

1951 Place: Navy research centre in US

Technology was invented: fibre <1 µ non-woven fabric for radioactivity aerosols

1960s Place: Exxon Corp in US

Facility was made for melt blown

V¶ Place: Exxon Corp--Æ Reifenhauser in Germany; J& M in US; Nordson in US; Neumag Saurer in US

Technology transfer and merger

1984 Place: Exxon Corp-Æ Tennessee University

It was supplied two facilities for R & D;

1989 Place: Exxon Corp and Tennessee university

Non-woven fabric research center( T A N D E C) was founded

1995 World yearly productivity of non-woven melt-blown fabric reached 80,000

-100,000 tons

1995 Place: K imberly Corp in US

Spunbonded and melt-blown compounded fabric were made Source: Company documents in case organisation