4. ANALISIS DE DATOS 74
4.2 ANALISIS DE TRÁFICO EN LAS INSTITUCIONES EDUCATIVAS 79
4.2.2 Institución educativa Inem Felipe Perez 97
7.1.1
Introduction
In bacteria, the 16S and 23S rRNA genes are separated by an internal transcribed spacer
(ITS1), which is transcribed together with the ribosomal genes (ITS1) (see Fig. 3, Chapter 4).
This intergenic spacer exhibits much greater sequence variability in sequence, lengths, and in
number of alleles per genome, which renders it a suitable target for microbial typing and
identification purposes (Barry et al. 1992, Dasen et al. 1994, Gürtler and Stanisich 1996).
Besides the ITS1, which usually carries one or two genes for tRNAs, the ITS2 spacer region
separates the 23S rRNA and 5S rRNA genes. In contrast to the ITS1, however, little sequence
information is available on the intraspecies variability of ITS2 (Maiwald et al. 2000).
Sequencing of the ITS regions therefore provides valuable targets for subsequent
investigations of the diversity and physiology of the central bacterium of phototrophic
consortia. In addition, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) probing of ITS transcripts can
be used as a selective and culture‐independent analysis of the phsiological state of the central
bacterium in intact consortia employing ITS‐FISH activity staining. This method serves as a
measurement of physiological activity by monitoring rapid changes in the intracellular levels
of precursor rRNA that occur during a response to growth stimulation by appropriate
substrates (Oerther et al. 2000, Schmid et al. 2001).
7.1.2
Experimental Procedures
Sequencing of the ITS1 region was accomplished by primer walking using the custom
designed four primers CR‐ITS‐42f, CR‐ITS‐90f, CR‐23S‐575r, and CR‐23S‐632r (Pfannes et al.
2007, Chapter 4). In order to recover the most closely related sequences, the BLAST
algorithm as implemented in the GenBank database was employed (Altschul et al. 1997). The
corresponding sequences were recovered from the GenBank database and ITS sequences
were aligned using the program Clustal X (Thompson et al. 1997). Alignments were adjusted
7 Unpublished data
158
identified using the program tRNAscan‐SE, version 2.21 (Lowe and Eddy 1997). Secondary structure prediction for putative tRNA genes was done by application of the tRNA‐Scan software (Lowe and Eddy 1997). From the alignments, phylogenetic trees were calculated with the Phylip Maximum Likelihood program dnaML for ITS sequences (Felsenstein 1989). Designed olionucleotide probes were labeled employing the ULYSIS Alexa Fluor nucleic acid labelling kit (Molecular Probes, Karlsruhe).
7.1.3
Results and Discussion
In the course of this study both, the ITS1 and the ITS2 spacer regions of the central rod of “C. aggregatum” have been sequenced (Pfannes et al. 2007, Chapter 4). The 662 bp‐long ITS1 region was found to contain two tRNA genes, tRNAIle and tRNAAla. The presence of tRNA genes within the ITS1 spacer regions is a common but not universal feature of rRNA operons
(Krawiec and Riley 1990, Jinks‐Robertson and Nomura 1987). Thus, the presence and
organisation of tRNAs in the central bacterium does not mirror its unique rrn tandem operon stucture (Pfannes et al. 2007, Chapter 4). Comparison of the sequences of over 30 clones
obtained from the central bacterium of „C. aggregatum” showed no sequence ambiguity.
Therefore the sequence divergence of rrn operons in this bacterium must be very small. Phylogenetic tree reconstruction based on the ITS1 sequences of „C. aggregatum” and its closest relatives confirms the isolated position of the central rod within the Betaproteobacteria (Fig. 1). Branching pattern and clustering of ITS1 sequence types were consistent with those of rrs‐phylotypes (Kanzler et al. 2005, Chapter 3). Independently from the data set analysed and treeing method used, the central bacterium of „C. aggregatum” forms a stable, isolated line of decent within the Comamonadaceae.
7.1 ITS1-Phylogeny of the Central Bacterium
159
Figure. 1. Phylogenetic tree showing the relationship of the central bacterium of „C. aggregatum” and
the closely related Betaproteobacteria based on the DNA sequences of its 16S‐23S rRNA
spacer (ITS1) region. The maximum likelihood method was used. The bar represents 10%
7 Unpublished data
160
So far, the central bacterium of the phototrophic consortium „C. aggregatum”, has
escaped all cultivation attempts, in contrast to its epibiont. Therefore, future physiological
analyses of the central bacterium still rely on the availability of culture‐independent
molecular tools. The half‐life of the ITS1 transcript present in the precursor RNA of the rrn
operon is significantly shorter than that of the more stable 16S rRNA. Cellular concentrations
of the ITS1 transcripts thus represent a suitable indicator for the momentary activity of the
cells, and can be quantified by FISH using specific oligonucleotide probes (Oerther et al. 2000,
Schmid et al. 2001). Since enrichment cultures of „C. aggregatum” contain eight other
accompanying chemotrophic bacteria, specificity of ITS1‐probes, which have been designed
in this work, is an important prerequisite for their application during ITS‐FISH (Table 1).
Based on sequence analysis, the pronounced sequence differences of the ITS1‐region of the
central bacterium to all sequences in the database render the ITS1‐region a suitable target for
the in situ monitoring of the activity of the central rods in the enrichment culture and in their
natural environment. The availability of these probes thus will allow the identification of
physiological requirements of the central bacterium like potential substrates and optimum
growth conditions in future research.
Table 1. Fluorescently labeled probes against the ITS1
Probe Sequence (5’‐3’) Tm (°C)
ITS1‐4 AAG TTC CTT TGT TCG CCC 53.8
ITS1‐12 AGC CTC TTC GGC TAG CAT 55.9
ITS1‐21 CGA CCA TCT CCG TCA GGT 58.3
*Numbers indicate 5’‐ end according to E. coli numbering.