Instrucciones de programación

J. Scaliger, Epistolae omnes, no. 424 p. 780; no. 425 p. 781, ‘A dm odum p rob o consilium tuum de Indicum editione seorsim a corpore Inscriptionum , cum accessione eorum , quae ex Thesauro et num m is G oltzii ac aliorum , tum et ex A n ton in ian o, Peutingeriano colligi potuerunt, item ex N o titia Im perii R om an i.’; see I. Calabi Lim entani, ‘N o te su classificazione ed indici epigrafici’, pp. 195-6. Scaliger refers to the tabula A n ton ian a, the tabula Peutingeriana, and the N o titia dignitatum : th e last o f these is discussed below .

of the gods or legions, which appeared on coins or in inscriptions. As Ida Calabi Lim entani has shown, G oltz took m uch material and his principle of organization from Smet’s manuscript, which he freely admits in the preface.*^ G oltz shared a patro n w ith Smet, M ark Laurin, and it may be that after Smet’s death, probably around this time, he felt th at he could publish some of his w ork, if not the whole inscription collection. Scaliger’s approbation shows that such works of compilation were seen to have an independent value, and the desire to produce an exhaustive sum m ary of various features of the Rom an w orld was characteristic of the w ork of scholars throughout the century. It was for tasks of this sort that the testim ony of inscriptions, as opposed to that of classical authors, was particularly im portant.

Typical of the scholarship of this sort were the efforts to produce a comprehensive list of the R om an legions. Ancient literary historians, interested as they were in details of battles, provided considerable quantities of inform ation on the topic, but m ostly in anecdotal form. O ne exception was Cassius Dio, w ho in his narrative of Augustus’s reign gave details of the positions of the legions then, and went on w ith an account of the subsequent changes dow n to his own day.®* Also useful was the recently-popularised Notitia dignitatum , the fifth-century account of the situation of the Rom an empire, which included details of the position of the legions at that point.®’ W ith these accounts could be compared the names of legions included in inscriptions that recorded individuals’ careers, as well as the widely-copied texts from tw o columns found at

®^ I. Calabi Lim entani, ‘N o te su classificazione ed indici epigrafici’, pp. 187-8. ®* Cassius D io , R om an History^ lv.23-4

®’ T he eastern section o f the N o titia dignitatum was first published b y A lciato in th e appendix to his 1529

D e magistratibus. A lth ou gh he did cite it in earlier w orks, it w as o n ly after 1529 that other humanists became interested in it: see P. Girard, ‘Alciat et la N o titia D ign itatu m ', esp. pp. 74-83. T he w estern section was printed as part o f A lciato’s Opera om nia that was com pleted in 1549, although volu m e 2, in w h ich the

N o titia dignitatum appears, has a colop h on dated 1546. For details o f sixteenth-century editions o f the text, see I. Maier, ‘T he Barberinus and M unich C odices’, pp. 962-6. There also are records o f a manuscript edition in the Maffei collection at R om e early in the century, and it seems that F ulvio O rsini ow ned a m anuscript cop y, w hich was made before 1549: see I. Maier, ‘T he Giessen, Parma and Piacenza C odices’, p. 103 nn. 1 and 4. M. D . R eeve provides a brief desription o f th e textual tradition in his entry on the

N otitia D ign itatu m in L. R eynolds (ed). Texts an d Transmission, pp. 253-7, including (pp. 254-5, n. 10) the tart com m ent that ‘T hough M aier’s tw o articles offer n ew inform ation in their 122 pages, th ey labour sim ple or trivial points and yet have holes like this [discussing M aier’s failure to see th e derivation o f one m anuscript from another].’

Rom e in 1546, which featured lists of legions’ names in is o la tio n .In s c rip tio n s recorded more legions than were m entioned in the historians and the Notitia dignitatum^ but as the textual sources indicated that legions did change under the empire, m ost scholars were content merely to list the extras. Thus Panvinio, after his description of the legions, in w hich he provides literary evidence as well as an inscription featuring a m em ber of the legion in question, merely included a list of those legions m entioned in inscriptions and not elsewhere.^^ In G o ltz’s section devoted to legions, he includes a very long list, m ost of w hich he notes are recorded in inscriptions rather than coins. In his indices, Smet is m ore circumspect, drawing attention to four legions recorded in inscriptions in the collection and suggesting that they did not in fact exist, and that there was a mistake, although he does not say w hose.“

A m ore difficult problem were Rom an voting tribes, since here there was explicit literary evidence that they num bered 35. Romans in the comitia tributa of the republic voted according to which tribe they were in, and mem bership of a tribe was a requirem ent of Rom an citizenship. In reforms attributed to the king Servius Tullius, these were replaced w ith a four­ fold division in the city, and the addition of a fifth tribe for those living in the immediate surroundings.^^ Subsequently others were added. In 495 BC Livy records that the Clustum ina

^ CIL VI.3492a,b = 32901. Matal had copies o f both colum ns (BA V Vat lat. 6039, fol. 202r and 203r = 5r and 6r), com pared th e readings (one colum n included the names o f three m ore legions than the other), and recorded details o f the discovery (fol. 203r =6r): ‘R om ae repertum in duabus ead. inscriptione colum nis M D X L V I in foro Ro. in eo loci, ubi saxa coss. [the C apitoline Fasti]’. H e also included a list o f legions ‘Ex indice officiorum magistratumque civilium O rientis et O ccidentis qui Scoto tribuitur’ (the

N o titia dignitatum^ fol. 202r= 5r), and a list o f the legions in num erical order, along w ith the province w here th ey w ere to be found and the position th ey appeared o n th e colu m n , in a table (fol. 203r=6r). T schudi was also interested in listing the numbers o f legions: he included an index o f legions in his annotated A pianus and A m antius (H . Triim py, ‘Zu G ilg Tschudis epigraphischen Forschungen’, p. 499), and later w rote ou t his ow n list (St. Gallen, Stiftsbibliothek MS 661 pp. 305-83; see S. V oegelin, Aegidius Tschudi's epigraphische Studien, p. 9).

O . Panvinio, C om m entariorum libri, pp. 856-58.

M. Smet, Inscriptionum liber, sig. Bbv, including legio IIII C yrenica, ‘forte m endum est’, legio IIII Gallica ‘Forte & hie m endum est’, legio IIII Italica ‘et hic erratum esse suspicor’ and legio X X X X , ‘sed m endum esse suspicor’. T his m ay be an exam ple o f an error being attributed to th e ancient stonecutter, a ph en om en on that I w ill exam ine in chapter 5 below .