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END NOTES
1 Columbia Encyclopedia. Kenya. 2011. Retrieved June 6, 2011, from http://www.google.com
2 Ibid.
3 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News (2011). Nigeria profile. Retrieved June 10, 2012, from www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13949547
4About Nigeria. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2011, from http://www.nigeria.gov.ng/AboutNigeria.aspx
5 Ibid.
6 Economist Intelligence Unit. 2008. Retrieved Dec 12, 2008, from http://www.eiu.com
7 UNICEF, Nigeria. 2007. The Nigerian situation. Retrieved Jan. 10, 2011 from http://www.unicef.org/nigeria
8 Ibid.
9 Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD). 2009. Political economy analysis of Kenya. NORAD Report 19/2009 Discussion. Dares Salaam and Oslo. Retrieved Dec 12, 2008 from http: //www.norad.no
10 Ibid.
11 Hanson, S. 2008. Understanding Kenya‟s politics. 2008. Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved Dec 12, 2008 from http://www.crf.org/publications.
12 Ibid.
13 Kichana, P. 2006. Country review of legal and practical challenges to the domestication of the anti-corruption conventions. Transparency International Kenya, Nairobi, June. Retrieved Dec 12, 2008, from http//www.transparency.org
14 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) News (2011). Kenya profile. Retrieved June 10, 2012, from www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13681342
15 Andreassen, Bard A., T. Barasa, T. Kibua and A. Tostensen. 2008. I acted under a lot of pressure. The disputed 2007 Kenyan general election in context, NORDEM Report, Norwegian Centre for Human Rights, University of Oslo.
16 Ekeanyanwu, L. 2006. Review of legal and political challenges to the domestication of the anti-corruption conventions in Nigeria.” Lagos: Transparency International Nigeria\Zero Corruption Coalition, March.
17 Chweya, L. 2005.The government anti-corruption programme: 2001-2004. Control of corruption in Kenya: Legal-Political Dimensions, 2001-2004, B. Sihanya. Ed. Claripress: Nairobi.
18 On 30th June 1997, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) suspended its enhanced structural adjustment facility (ESAF) program to Kenya. The IMF cited poor governance and corruption in the public sector as one of the reasons for suspending its lending program. It required the Kenyan government to speed up the prosecution of government officials involved in a major corruption scandal in the country, and to set up an independent anti-corruption agency among other reforms before its lending program could be resumed.
19President Mwai Kibaki‟s inaugural speech to the nation on 30th December 2002. Retrieved June 13, from http://www.marsgroupkenya.org/pages/stories/Corruption/index.php.
20See chapter 7 of the APRM Country Review Report of the Republic of Kenya. Retrieved June 13, from http://www.aprmkenya.org/downloads/Kenyareport.pdf
21 See Chapter 7.1 of Kenya‟s APRM report.
22 See Chapter 5, Kenya‟s Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper: 2003-2007, dated March 2004. Retrieved June 13, from http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2005/cr0511.pdf
23 See Chapter 3.1 of Kenya‟s Economic Recovery Strategy for Employment and Wealth Creation.
Retrieved June 13, http://www.ke.undp.org/ERS.pdf
24See Kenya‟s National Anti-Corruption Plan. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.kacc.go.ke/Docs/Ntional%20Anti-%20Corruption%20Plan.pdf
25See Transparency International. 2007. Kenya: Kenya Bribery Index. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.tikenya.org/documents/KBI_2007.pdf. The survey captures corruption as experienced by ordinary citizens in both public and private organisations. Respondents provide information on their experience with bribery in the last year— in which organizations they encountered bribery, where they paid bribes, how much they paid and what they paid for.
26See Ibrahim Index of African Governance. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/index/index2. The Index is based on five categories of essential political goods: Safety and security; Rule of Law, Transparency and Corruption; Participation and
133
Human Rights; Sustainable Economic Development; Human Development. Each country is assessed against 58 individual measures, capturing clear, objective outcomes.
27 See Ibrahim Index of African Governance- Rule of Law, Transparency and Corruption. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://www.moibrahimfoundation.org/index/single.asp?countryid.
28 „Kenyan courts grind to halt‟ BBC news 17 October 2003. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3197882.stm The purge resulted from the presentation of a report by the Integrity and Anti-Corruption Committee of the Judiciary, documenting credible and substantial evidence of corruption, unethical conduct and other forms of misbehaviour among 152 judges of Kenya's 300 judges and magistrates.
29 Anassi, P. 2003. Corruption in Africa: The Kenyan experience. 13.
30 East Africa Standard. 2005. Anglo-leasing six and the due process. 16 February.
31 BBC News. 2005. Corruption haunts Kenya‟s leader‟ 23 February. Retrieved June 13, 2008, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/low/world/africa/4288595.stm
32 Transparency International 2006. Global corruption report: Corruption in Kenya‟s National AIDS Control Council. Retrieved Oct. 3, 2009 from www.transparency.org
33Olowu, D. 1993. Roots and the remedies of governmental corruption in Africa. Corruption and Reform, 7(3), 227-236.
34 CLEEN Foundation, 2010. Corruption and governance challenges in Nigeria. Monograph Series No. 7.
35 Azubuike-Amaraegbu, D. 2008. Anti-corruption in Africa: The cases of Nigeria and Ghana. Doctoral thesis, Durham University. . Retrieved Aug. 13, 2012, from Durham E-Theses Online:
http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/2517/
36 Falana, F. 2007.Global measures against corruption: implications for governance in Nigeria.
Retrieved June 16, 2009, from Admin Sahara website http://saharareporters.com/www/report/
37 Daily Champion. 2002. Issues on corruption. September 28. & Obasanjo has case to answer. 2007.
July 24.
38 Tribune, 2007.Sept. 16.
39 Daily Sun, 2007. Sept. 19.
40 Daily Champion, 2007. Sept. 23.
41 Ige, I. and Lawal, D. 2005. Akanbi reels out causes of corruption in Nigeria. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://allafrica.com/stories/200509160223.html
42 Arizona-Ogwu, C. 2007. Corruption: nobody should be deceived. Nigeria Village Square Online, December 18. Retrieved June 16, 2009 from http://www.nigeria.villagesquare.com
43 Ayoola, E. 2008. ICPC Chairman‟s interview on corruption. Daily Champion, March 27, p. 16.
44 Dike, V. 2008.Corruption in Nigeria: a new paradigm for effective control. African Economic Analysis. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from www.africaeconomicanalysis.org.
45 See Transparency International Corruption Perception Indexes: 1996-2009. Retrieved March 6, 2010 from http://www.transparency.org/publications
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CHAPTER FIVE
STRATEGIES OF KENYA AND NIGERIA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION AGENCIES
5.1 INTRODUCTION
As discussed and concluded in the last chapter, there was a high incidence of corruption in Kenya and Nigeria during the period under focus. This led to the emergence of the various institutional and non-institutional anti-corruption strategies. Among the institutional strategies is the establishment of anti-corruption agencies in both countries.
The objective of this chapter is to therefore examines inter alia in detail various corruption strategies in Kenya and Nigeria with special focus on the institutional anti-corruption strategies as regards the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission (KACC) and the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) of Nigeria respectively highlighting their achievements and challenges.