JÜHI
CAPÍTULO 6. Análisis de Costos
6.2 Integración de costos directos
Development Goals should include explicit reference to physical and mental health.
Box 7: A computerized CBT game to treat depression (SPARX)92
Box 8: A computerized CBT program for anxiety (Cool Teens)93
In the online game SPARX, the young person chooses an avatar and, facing a series of challenges, learns how to restore balance in a fantasy world dominated by GNATS (Gloomy Negative Automatic Thoughts). The computerized program has seven modules and involves no significant contact with clinicians. It has been trialed on 94 New Zealand adolescents seeking help for depression, with an equal number randomized to face-to-face counseling.
Remission rates were 44% in the CBT group and 28% for the control group.
Cool Teens is a game on CD-ROM that consists of eight, half-hour modules that young people undertake, together with a weekly 15-minute call to a therapist.
Compared with a randomized control group on a waiting list, the average participant shed at least one anxiety disorder.
125 124
1 UNICEF (2014).
2 O’Donnell et al. (2014).
3 OECD (2013).
4 Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012).
5 Twenge et al. (2010), Layard & Dunn (2009), Collishaw et al. (2004), West & Sweeting (2003), Rutter & Smith (1995).
6 Layard et al. (2014).
7 Ford et al. (2007).
8 Kim-Cohen et al. (2003), Kessler et al. (2005).
9 OECD (2014), Layard & Clark (2014).
10 Society for Research in Child Development (2010), McDaid et al. (2014).
11 UNICEF (2014).
12 WHO (2003), Kieling et al. (2011).
13 Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012).
14 Ibid.
15 Kim-Cohen et al. (2003), Kessler et al. (2005).
16 Williams (2001).
17 Mykletun et al. (2009). See also Danese et al. (2007).
18 Moussavi et al. (2007).
19 Layard et al. (2014).
20 OECD (2012), OECD (2014), Layard & Clark (2014), p. 86.
21 Layard et al. (2014).
22 Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (2012).
23 Scott et al. (2001), see also Beecham (2014).
24 Fergusson et al. (2005), Table 1.
25 Knapp et al. (2011), Table 13, Bonin et al. (2011). For an analysis of a school-based intervention in Canada (Better Beginnings, Better Futures) that paid for itself, see Society for Research in Child Development (2010). For a general survey of the economic case for investing in the well-being of young people, see McDaid et al. (2014).
26 Rahman et al. (2013).
27 Bauer et al. (2014), Tables 1 and 2.
28 Dobson et al. (2008).
29 Assuming an average cost of a course of CBT to be £650;
so, if 50% is recovered, the cost is £1,300. This is roughly 5% of the average annual wage.
30 See in particular the WHO Mental Health Action Plan 2013–20 adopted by the World Health Assembly.
31 Lim et al. (2014).
32 Groh et al. (2014).
33 Patel et al. (2013), Harper Browne (2014).
34 Bessenecker & Walker (2004), Rahman et al. (2013).
35 For a community-wide approach in the US and Colombia using the Communities That Care approach, see Hawkins et al. (2008), and Pérez-Gómez et al. (2014). For Qatar’s approach to mental health, see Supreme Council of Health (2013).
36 Attanayake et al. (2009).
37 Tol et al. (2013).
38 Jordans et al. (2010), Jordans et al. (2011), Jordans et al.
(2013), Tol et al. (2008), Tol et al. (2014).
39 Rahman et al. (2013).
40 Scott et al. (2014).
41 Webster-Stratton (2009).
42 Roth & Fonagy (2005).
43 Ibid.
44 Barrett et al. (1996).
45 Roth & Fonagy (2005).
46 Stuart & Koleva (2014), Rahman et al. (2008).
47 Webster-Stratton (Forthcoming).
48 Webster-Stratton (2009).
49 Scott et al. (2014).
50 On North America and Europe, see Ford et al. (2007), p. 16, Patel & Thornicroft (2009), Kohn et al. (2004).
51 Demyttenaere et al. (2004), Wang et al. (2007).
52 Cowan & Cowan (2000).
53 Scott et al. (2008).
54 Patel et al. (2013), Chowdhary et al. (2013).
55 Rahman et al. (2008).
56 Zafar et al. (2014).
57 Olds et al. (1998).
58 Gertler et al. (2014).
59 Walker et al. (2011).
60 Clark (2011), Layard & Clark (2014), Chapter 12.
61 Durlak et al. (2011).
62 Gutman & Vorhaus (2012), Weber & Ruch (2012).
63 Weare & Nind (2011).
64 Takizawa et al. (2014).
65 Webster-Stratton et al. (1989).
66 Farrer (2000).
67 These findings related to rich countries. For a systematic review of school-based interventions in low- and middle- income countries, see Barry et al. (2013) and Durlak et al.
(2011).
68 Challen et al. (2014).
69 These include beyondblue – Sawyer et al. (2010); Triple P – Little et al. (2012), Eisner et al. (2012); Resourceful Adolescent Programme – Stallard et al. (2012); The Incredible Years on sub-clinical groups of children, as opposed to those with diagnoses – Scott et al. (2014).
70 Humphrey et al. (2010).
71 Maheswaran et al. (2012).
72 For the review of possible programs and their effects, see Hale et al. (2011). See also, Fazel et al. (2014).
73 Kuyken et al. (2013).
74 Bailey (2014). See www.howtothrive.org/healthy-minds/
for further details.
75 Brunwasser et al. (2009).
76 Calear et al. (2009).
77 McKay et al. (2011), McBride et al. (2004).
78 Watson et al. (2004).
79 Backscheider & Hawkins (2000).
80 Kuyken et al. (2013)
81 Kelly et al. (2004), Curtis & Norgate (2007).
82 Kellam et al. (2008), Ialongo et al. (1999).
83 Webster-Stratton et al. (2008), Webster-Stratton et al.
(2004).
84 Webster-Stratton et al. (2011), Reinke et al. (2012), Webster-Stratton et al. (2001), Davenport & Tansey (2009).
85 Baker-Henningham et al. (2012).
86 In 2013, it was estimated that there were 96 mobile- cellular telephone subscriptions per 100 inhabitants/
households in the world. ITU (2013) and GSM & NTT DOCOMO (2012).
87 ITU (2013).
88 World Bank (2012).
89 UN News Center. [Online press release]. Deputy UN Chief calls for urgent action to tackle global sanitation crisis.
21 March 2013. Available at: www.un.org/apps/news/story.
asp?NewsiD=44452#.VF9erzQgt8E
90 For a review of e-therapies for people under 18, see NCCMH (March 2014), Ye et al. (2014). Also see Mayo-Wilson & Montgomery (2013).
91 Jones et al. (2014).
92 Merry et al. (2012).
93 Wuthrich et al. (2012).
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