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 A Rest

 A Restored Society or a New Society of Jesus? ored Society or a New Society of Jesus?

Thomas Wor

Thomas Worcestercester, �, �.�.�..

Many Catholic religious orders and congregations have ��ourished for a time Many Catholic religious orders and congregations have ��ourished for a time and then disappeared, have died out, or were formally suppressed by a bishop and then disappeared, have died out, or were formally suppressed by a bishop or pope. Other orders and congregations have been “reformed” at one time or pope. Other orders and congregations have been “reformed” at one time or another in their history, sometimes resulting in a split between reformed or another in their history, sometimes resulting in a split between reformed and un-reformed divisions. The Franciscans are an obvious example, with and un-reformed divisions. The Franciscans are an obvious example, with Conventuals, Observants, and Capuchins; or the Cistercians, a reformed Conventuals, Observants, and Capuchins; or the Cistercians, a reformed ver-sion of the Benedictines, and later the Cistercians of the Strict Observance sion of the Benedictines, and later the Cistercians of the Strict Observance (Trappists). Yet the Society of Jesus has never been reformed in this sense of (Trappists). Yet the Society of Jesus has never been reformed in this sense of the word, and despite no shortage of internal tensions, it has never split into the word, and despite no shortage of internal tensions, it has never split into two or three orders. But the Society founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540 was two or three orders. But the Society founded by Ignatius of Loyola in 1540 was suppressed by Pope Clement XIV in 1773, and was then “restored” by Pope Pius suppressed by Pope Clement XIV in 1773, and was then “restored” by Pope Pius  VII in

 VII in 1814. The 1814. The question this question this essay explores concerns the essay explores concerns the adequacy or adequacy or inade- inade-quacy of the term “restoration” for a description of the post-1814 Society of quacy of the term “restoration” for a description of the post-1814 Society of  Jesus.

 Jesus. This This is is a a huge huge topic, topic, and and my my approach approach is is thus thus necessarily necessarily selective.selective.

Though I shall give some attention to several parts of the world, my main focus Though I shall give some attention to several parts of the world, my main focus is France, not merely as a possible case study among others, though it is such, is France, not merely as a possible case study among others, though it is such, but also because of

but also because of its major role in Jesuit history from the origins of its major role in Jesuit history from the origins of the Jesuitsthe Jesuits at the University of Paris, to Jesuit battles against Gallicans and Jansenists, to at the University of Paris, to Jesuit battles against Gallicans and Jansenists, to the

the Relations Relations published by Jesuit missionaries in Canada, to French Jesuit sci- published by Jesuit missionaries in Canada, to French Jesuit sci-entists in China, from hot and cold relationships with the French monarchy, to entists in China, from hot and cold relationships with the French monarchy, to the nearly relentless opposition from France’s Third Republic, to the acclaimed the nearly relentless opposition from France’s Third Republic, to the acclaimed  work

 work of of Jesuit Jesuit scholars scholars such such as as Pierre Pierre TTeilhard eilhard de de Chardin Chardin (1881–1955) (1881–1955) andand Henri de Lubac (1896–1991). I shall not ignore the fact that the Jesuits were Henri de Lubac (1896–1991). I shall not ignore the fact that the Jesuits were international from the beginning: Ignatius was not a Frenchman, but a foreign international from the beginning: Ignatius was not a Frenchman, but a foreign student in Paris, as wer

student in Paris, as were all of e all of the ��rst Jesuits. One cannot do full justice to thethe ��rst Jesuits. One cannot do full justice to the history of the Jesuits without giving attention to the global reach and history of the Jesuits without giving attention to the global reach and multina-tional, multicultural character of the Society, from its origins to today, even if tional, multicultural character of the Society, from its origins to today, even if some countries play a much larger role than others in Jesuit history.

some countries play a much larger role than others in Jesuit history.

Restoration is a term used by political historians to describe the period 1814–

Restoration is a term used by political historians to describe the period 1814–

1830 in Europe, particularly France. With Napoleon’s defeat at the hands of the 1830 in Europe, particularly France. With Napoleon’s defeat at the hands of the Quadruple Alliance of

Quadruple Alliance of Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, the Bourbons wereBritain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia, the Bourbons were restored to the French throne, and the Congress of Vienna met to redraw the restored to the French throne, and the Congress of Vienna met to redraw the map of Europe and largely restored pre-1789 borders. Under Napoleon, Pope map of Europe and largely restored pre-1789 borders. Under Napoleon, Pope Pius VII had been held as a prisoner in France; in spring 1814 he returned to Pius VII had been held as a prisoner in France; in spring 1814 he returned to

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� See Thomas See Thomas WWorcesterorcester, “Pius , “Pius VII: Moderation in VII: Moderation in an Age of Revolan Age of Revolution and Reaction,ution and Reaction,” in” in TheThe  Papacy

 Papacy since since 1500: 1500: From Italian From Italian Prince Prince to to Universal Universal Pastor Pastor , eds. James Corkery and Thomas, eds. James Corkery and Thomas  W

 Worcester (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 107–124.orcester (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 107–124.

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� Eamon Eamon Du�fyDu�fy,, Saints and Sinners: A History of the PopesSaints and Sinners: A History of the Popes  (New Haven: Yale University Press, (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997), 193–194.

1997), 193–194.

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� For For an example of an an example of an excellent and excellent and concise account of French concise account of French historyhistory, see Pierre , see Pierre Goubert,Goubert, The Course of French History

The Course of French History, trans. Maarten Ultee (London and New York: Routledge, 1991),, trans. Maarten Ultee (London and New York: Routledge, 1991), on the early decades after Napoleon, 233–246.

on the early decades after Napoleon, 233–246.

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� Worcester, Worcester, “Pius “Pius VII,” VII,” 119.119.

Rome and within a few months he issued a decree restoring, or re-establishing Rome and within a few months he issued a decree restoring, or re-establishing the Society of

the Society of Jesus throughout the world.� And yetJesus throughout the world.� And yet, if , if this suggests restorthis suggests restorationation of

of monarchmonarchy and restoration of the y and restoration of the Jesuits went hand-in-handJesuits went hand-in-hand, at least chrono-, at least chrono-logically, this fact remains ironic in that it was not the National Assembly logically, this fact remains ironic in that it was not the National Assembly or other instances of power in the French Revolution that had suppressed or other instances of power in the French Revolution that had suppressed the Jesuits, but rather the pre-Revolutionary papacy, indeed a weak papacy the Jesuits, but rather the pre-Revolutionary papacy, indeed a weak papacy under intense pressure from the Catholic monarchs of Spain, Portugal, and under intense pressure from the Catholic monarchs of Spain, Portugal, and France.� Two younger brothers of the guillotined Louis XVI served as king after France.� Two younger brothers of the guillotined Louis XVI served as king after Napoleon’s defeat, Louis XVIII, 1814–1824, and Charles X, 1824–1830. But even if Napoleon’s defeat, Louis XVIII, 1814–1824, and Charles X, 1824–1830. But even if the period of their reigns is commonly referred to as one of restoration, or as the period of their reigns is commonly referred to as one of restoration, or as the

the Restoration, it was not the case that the Bourbons could restore everything Restoration, it was not the case that the Bourbons could restore everything to the way it was before 1789. For example, Louis XVIII agreed to a to the way it was before 1789. For example, Louis XVIII agreed to a constitu-tional charter, hardly something Old Regime “absolute” monarchs would have tional charter, hardly something Old Regime “absolute” monarchs would have considered. And in 1830, another revolution toppled the Bourbons in favor of considered. And in 1830, another revolution toppled the Bourbons in favor of the house of

the house of Orléans and a more bourgeois style of Orléans and a more bourgeois style of monarchmonarchyy.�.�

If restoration of monarchy did not mean restoration of, or reaction against, If restoration of monarchy did not mean restoration of, or reaction against, everything pre-Revolutionary, is it likely that restoration of the Society of Jesus everything pre-Revolutionary, is it likely that restoration of the Society of Jesus meant restoration of everything Jesuit that had existed pre-1773? The obstacles meant restoration of everything Jesuit that had existed pre-1773? The obstacles standing in the way of this seem to be many. The world had changed, and standing in the way of this seem to be many. The world had changed, and  whether

 whether Catholics Catholics liked liked it oit or notr not, the , the Church Church had ahad as ws well. ell. Indeed, Indeed, Pope Pope Pius Pius VII,VII, in his long and eventful reign from 1800 to 1823, was no mere traditionalist, in his long and eventful reign from 1800 to 1823, was no mere traditionalist, hell-bent, as it were, on turning the clock back wherever possible. For example, hell-bent, as it were, on turning the clock back wherever possible. For example, a few years before his election as pope, the future Pius VII had argued that a few years before his election as pope, the future Pius VII had argued that republican forms of secular government, such as that created by the French republican forms of secular government, such as that created by the French Revolution, could be compatible with Christianity. As pope, he proved to be Revolution, could be compatible with Christianity. As pope, he proved to be adaptable in his views on

adaptable in his views on Latin American independence froLatin American independence from the Spanish m the Spanish andand Portuguese monarchies.� Thus the pope who restored the Society of Jesus was Portuguese monarchies.� Thus the pope who restored the Society of Jesus was not a staunch reactionary, opposed to any and everything associated with the not a staunch reactionary, opposed to any and everything associated with the French Revolution and its ideals, though some later popes may well have French Revolution and its ideals, though some later popes may well have abhorred everything even remotely related to the Revolution.

abhorred everything even remotely related to the Revolution.

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� For For anti-Jesuits up anti-Jesuits up to to 1771773, see3, see  Les  Les Antijésuites: Antijésuites: Discours, Discours, ��gures ��gures et et lieux lieux de de l‘antijésuitismel‘antijésuitisme à l’époque moderne

à l’époque moderne, eds. Pierre-Antoine Fabre and Catherine Maire (Rennnes: Presses, eds. Pierre-Antoine Fabre and Catherine Maire (Rennnes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2010); for examples of post-1814 anti-Jesuit polemic, see Geo�fry Universitaires de Rennes, 2010); for examples of post-1814 anti-Jesuit polemic, see Geo�fry Cubitt,

Cubitt, The Jesuit Myth: Conspiracy Theory The Jesuit Myth: Conspiracy Theory and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Franceand Politics in Nineteenth-Century France (Oxford: (Oxford:

Clarendon Press, 1993).

Clarendon Press, 1993).

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� Pierre Pierre Moisy,Moisy, Les Eglises  Les Eglises des Jésuites des Jésuites de l’ancienne assistance de de l’ancienne assistance de FranceFrance, 2 vols. (Rome: Jesuit, 2 vols. (Rome: Jesuit Historical Institute, 1958), 1:248–251; see also

Historical Institute, 1958), 1:248–251; see also Saint-Paul—Saint-Louis: Les Jésuites à ParisSaint-Paul—Saint-Louis: Les Jésuites à Paris (Paris: Musée Carnavalet, 1985).

(Paris: Musée Carnavalet, 1985).

The actions of Pius VII in favor of the Jesuits were not necessarily The actions of Pius VII in favor of the Jesuits were not necessarily well-received by everyone, and the history of anti-Jesuit polemics and actions received by everyone, and the history of anti-Jesuit polemics and actions reveal a good deal of continuity pre-1773 to post-1814, perhaps especially in reveal a good deal of continuity pre-1773 to post-1814, perhaps especially in Europe.� Restoration, or re-admittance or re-establishment, of the Jesuits Europe.� Restoration, or re-admittance or re-establishment, of the Jesuits  was

 was not not always always permanentpermanent, , and and in in the the two two centuriecenturies s since since 1814 1814 Jesuits Jesuits havehave been expelled, at least for a time, from places such as France, Switzerland, been expelled, at least for a time, from places such as France, Switzerland, Mexico, and Spain. Thus, careful study of the history of opposition to the Mexico, and Spain. Thus, careful study of the history of opposition to the  Jesuits,

 Jesuits, from from 1540 1540 to today, coulto today, could d reveal reveal some some signi��signi��cant cant continucontinuityity, , thoughthough not without discontinuity as well. If opposition to the Jesuits has faded in not without discontinuity as well. If opposition to the Jesuits has faded in more recent times in places such as France or Switzerland, why is that?

more recent times in places such as France or Switzerland, why is that?

Because the Jesuits have changed, or because their enemies have changed?

Because the Jesuits have changed, or because their enemies have changed?

Or is

Or is it perhaps because the it perhaps because the Jesuits are no longer perceived as mattering veryJesuits are no longer perceived as mattering very much, in which case why bother trying to expel them or even curtail their much, in which case why bother trying to expel them or even curtail their activities?

activities?

Restoration in parts of the world where the Society had enjoyed a major Restoration in parts of the world where the Society had enjoyed a major institutional presence with many school and church buildings, could have institutional presence with many school and church buildings, could have meant recovery of such institutional property. In reality, there was not a lot of meant recovery of such institutional property. In reality, there was not a lot of material recovery. The history of two Jesuit churches in Paris, one built in the material recovery. The history of two Jesuit churches in Paris, one built in the seventeenth century and one in the nineteenth century, o�fers an interesting seventeenth century and one in the nineteenth century, o�fers an interesting example of a kind of discontinuity and continuity between the pre-1773 and example of a kind of discontinuity and continuity between the pre-1773 and post-1814 Society. The seventeenth-century Jesuit church was dedicated to post-1814 Society. The seventeenth-century Jesuit church was dedicated to Saint Louis, that is, the canonized saint and thirteenth-century French king Saint Louis, that is, the canonized saint and thirteenth-century French king Louis IX, ancestor of

Louis IX, ancestor of the Bourbon monarchs. In choosing this name the the Bourbon monarchs. In choosing this name the FrenchFrench  Jesuits

 Jesuits promotpromoted ed their alignment their alignment with with the the monarchmonarchy; y; Louis Louis XIII XIII himself himself laidlaid the cornerstone in 1627, and Cardinal Richelieu presided at the ��rst Mass in the the cornerstone in 1627, and Cardinal Richelieu presided at the ��rst Mass in the completed church in 1642 with the king, queen, and their court present.�

completed church in 1642 with the king, queen, and their court present.�

Designed in a style that echoed both what was then contemporary Italian Designed in a style that echoed both what was then contemporary Italian Baroque, as well as an emerging French classicism, the church was built on the Baroque, as well as an emerging French classicism, the church was built on the right bank of

right bank of the Seine, in the Marais section of the Seine, in the Marais section of PariParis, at that time a neighbor-s, at that time a neighbor-hood rapidly rising in economic and social status. The church (Figures 1.1 and hood rapidly rising in economic and social status. The church (Figures 1.1 and 1.2) soon drew large crowds attracted by famous Jesuit preachers, such as Louis 1.2) soon drew large crowds attracted by famous Jesuit preachers, such as Louis

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� On Bourdaloue, On Bourdaloue, see Thomas see Thomas WWorcesterorcester, “The Classical Sermon,, “The Classical Sermon,” in” in Preaching,  Preaching, Sermon Sermon andand Cultural Change in the Long Eighteenth Century

Cultural Change in the Long Eighteenth Century, ed. Joris van Eijnatten (Leiden: Brill, 2009),, ed. Joris van Eijnatten (Leiden: Brill, 2009), especially 153–167; on Charpentier, see C. Jane Lowe, “Charpentier and the Jesuits at especially 153–167; on Charpentier, see C. Jane Lowe, “Charpentier and the Jesuits at St. Louis,”

St. Louis,” Seventeenth-Century French StudiesSeventeenth-Century French Studies 15 (1993), 297–314. 15 (1993), 297–314.

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� Saint-Paul—Saint-Louis: Les Saint-Paul—Saint-Louis: Les Jésuites à PJésuites à Parisaris, 11–12. In 1990, the 450th anniversary of the, 11–12. In 1990, the 450th anniversary of the founding of the Society of Jesus, the French Jesuits were permitted to use the church for the founding of the Society of Jesus, the French Jesuits were permitted to use the church for the priestly ordination of several of their men; I attended this exceptional event.

priestly ordination of several of their men; I attended this exceptional event.

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� Pierre Pierre Delattre,Delattre, Les Et Les Etablissements ablissements des Jdes Jésuites ésuites en Fen France rance depuis quatre depuis quatre sièclessiècles , 5 vols. (Enghien:, 5 vols. (Enghien:

Institut Supérieur de Théologie, 1949–57), 3:1337–1339. On Jesuits and the

Institut Supérieur de Théologie, 1949–57), 3:1337–1339. On Jesuits and the rue de Sèvres in therue de Sèvres in the nineteenth century, see also Burnichon, 3

nineteenth century, see also Burnichon, 3:92, 139, 171, :92, 139, 171, 575.575.

Bourdaloue, and by music commissioned from prominent composers Bourdaloue, and by music commissioned from prominent composers includ-ing Marc-Antoine Charpentier.�

ing Marc-Antoine Charpentier.�

Closed in the 1760s after the expulsion of

Closed in the 1760s after the expulsion of the Jesuits, the church was the sitethe Jesuits, the church was the site for celebratio

for celebration of n of the cult of the cult of Reason during the RevolReason during the Revolution. In 1802, Saint-Louisution. In 1802, Saint-Louis became the parish church of

became the parish church of Saint-PSaint-Paul—Saintaul—Saint-Louis, thus adding the name of-Louis, thus adding the name of a nearby parish that had been destroyed in the Revolution. The former Jesuit

became the parish church of Saint-PSaint-Paul—Saintaul—Saint-Louis, thus adding the name of-Louis, thus adding the name of a nearby parish that had been destroyed in the Revolution. The former Jesuit