CAPITULO II MARCO TEÓRICO
2.2. Teorías que sustentan la investigación.
2.2.3. La teoría de las Inteligencias Múltiples: Howard Gardner define la inteligencia como la capacidad de resolver problemas o elaborar productos que sean
This thesis aimed to answer the question of “How do the EU and Morocco present issue-linkage through NTIs in their relationship?” The answer was sought through a single case study on the relationship between the EU and Morocco. This thesis was inspired by Lavenex and Jurje’s comparative study of a large amount of trade deals. It has analysed the key documents that
establish the relationship between the EU and Morocco: the trade deals that set out the commercial relationship, and the Barcelona declaration that underpins the three pillars of the EU-
Mediterranean foreign policy.
In Chapter 2, the thesis presented an overview of the existing literature and the pertinent academic debates that surround issue-linkage at EU level. The literature review has framed issue-linkage as a tool of economic diplomacy that is often applied through trade conditionality. Manner’s
contribution also allowed for the contextualisation of sticks and carrots as a strategic instrument in terms of economic diplomacy.
In Chapter 4, the analysis exposed that the EU’s deals did not include any NTIs, until the signing of the Barcelona declaration. Once the declaration was signed, NTIs started to increase in the EU’s trade accords with Morocco. The analysis has also demonstrated that the inclusion of NTIs did not equal hard law provisions. On the contrary, the inclusion of NTIs in the trade deals served a different goal. While the Barcelona declaration set up a three-pillar framework to fit the EU’s foreign policy vis-à-vis its Mediterranean partners, the trade deals’ function was to set the agenda of political dialogue and social cooperation. In other words, trade deals have become a de facto
elongation of the Barcelona process.
In chapter 5, the analysis explored the EU’s discourse frames with regard to its relations with Morocco. This analysis revealed that the early interaction of the EU with Morocco was entirely based on the trade relations, and contained no evidence of issue-linkage. The only diversions from trade were identified in the wake of natural disasters. At the same time, the EU has always
portrayed Morocco as a country in need of EU’s help, although it has attempted to provide assurance that it should never be perceived as a threat to the country’s sovereignty. In contrast to the earlier frame, Jacques Delors, Chris Patten, and Benita Ferrero-Waldner not only publicly framed trade together with NTIs, but also took a step further by calling on the member states to
enlarge the EU’s competencies so that it could instrumentalise its sticks and carrots more efficiently. Their approach is consistent with Manner’s explanation of rewards and sanctions in trade as a tool of foreign relations.
Chapter 6 examined the discourse frame of Morocco vis-à-vis the EU, which provided to insights. First, it revealed the stance of Morocco regarding issue-linkage. Second, it revealed whether the EU’s issue-linkage had a clear impact on the relationship. The analysis of the King’s speeches has demonstrated that Morocco is not aligned with the idea that the EU is a saviour. Instead, the King has called on the EU to perceive Morocco as an equal. Furthermore, he has also repeatedly positioned himself as the spokesperson of the African continent, and subsequently of the Arab countries. In both cases the frame remained the same, namely, that conditionality was not appreciated and that negotiations should take place on an equal platform. In terms of issue- linkage, the Moroccan king has explicitly requested the EU to refrain from the enforcement of conditionality. This is in contrast with Tittel-Mosser’s findings that Morocco itself engaged in bargaining through NTIs.
The single case structure and the trace processing has brought to light the dynamics in which the EU operates within the ENP framework. Furthermore, the sources have provided the necessary information to conclude that trade deals are in effect a tool of economic diplomacy. It has become clear that instead of using trade conditionality through enforceable provisions in trade deals, the EU instrumentalises the deals to put NTIs on the agenda. At the same time, the document analysis has discovered a divergence between how the EU portrays its relationship with Morocco, and how Morocco experiences it. While the EU sees itself as a helping hand, Morocco has repeatedly proven that it is a tough negotiator in trade negotiations.
This thesis has contributed to a research gap in the study of EU’s issue-linkage in trade deals as a tool of economic diplomacy. However, it is not possible to export the findings to all the foreign relations that the EU maintains with third countries. Further research is necessary to understand whether the use of trade deals as an agenda-setting tool is broadly utilised. This could be achieved by replicating this case study with different neighbouring countries such as Algeria, Tunisia, or Egypt.
However, like any other study, this thesis has encountered a number of limitations. The single case nature of this research makes it impossible make generalisations, as the findings are only
applicable to the EU-Morocco relationship. Furthermore, as mentioned in the methodology section, the discourse analysis is based on diplomatic communications, which is expected to be pre-filtered and can be expected to hide any undesired declarations.
These limitations however provide a guide for future research. Future studies could replicate the analysis for different ENP countries, to analyse whether there is a recognisable pattern. On the one hand, the EU might have a global approach for its neighbours. On the other hand, if the approach differs from country to country, it will be possible to claim that the EU is a pragmatic actor, as it adapts its strategy to the different partner countries. Another possibility of future research is to continue this study by analysing the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement between the EU and Morocco, once it has been concluded and ratified.
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