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4-38. Because of the far-reaching nature of contingency operations, C2 relationships for deploying SF units can become confusing and convoluted. To relieve this confusion, SF commanders at all levels should consider several factors, including transfer of forces, options for establishing SF AOs, linkup operations with conventional forces, and SF C2 at the conventional force HQ.

TRANSFER OF FORCES

4-39. The overseas deployment of a CONUS-based SF unit involves the change of operational control (CHOP) from USSOCOM to the gaining

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regional unified CINC. This CHOP may be a temporary attachment or a permanent reassignment. Transfers of forces between unified commands occur only by the authority of the NCA, using the processes prescribed by the NCA. The CHOP of forces for an operational deployment requires a deployment order approved by the NCA.

4-40. In a long-term war or conflict situation, the SF unit moves from home station to a port of embarkation. From there, it moves by air or sea into the gaining CINC’s AOR. At a predetermined point (for example, upon crossing a specified latitude or longitude), OPCON formally transfers to the gaining CINC. The gaining CINC’s ASCC is responsible for receiving the SF unit at the port of debarkation and moving it to its base location. The theater SOC receives OPCON of the SF unit from the ASCC when it arrives at its base location and becomes operational.

4-41. In a short-term contingency situation, the SF unit may establish its operational base at home station, elsewhere in CONUS, or outside the active AO but within the gaining CINC’s AOR. SFODAs may be deployed from a battalion FOB, through a company AOB, or directly from CONUS into the AO. Deployment orders specify C2 and support relationships.

OPTIONS FOR ESTABLISHING SF AREAS OF OPERATIONS

4-42. A JSOA is an area of land, sea, and airspace assigned to a JFSOCC to conduct SO activities. The JFC establishes a JSOA only when the JFSOCC’s control of the airspace above his forces is critical. Otherwise, the JFC assigns the JFSOCC a surface AO and allows the theater airspace control authority to control the airspace above the AO. The JFSOCC assigns specific JSOAs to an SF commander for mission execution. The scope and duration of SF operations, the size and composition of indigenous forces, the hostile situation, and the political situation influence the number and composition of SFODAs deployed into a JSOA. Additional SFODAs may deploy later because of increased tempo in operations, expansion of existing resistance forces, or a change in the political situation.

4-43. During UW, a task-organized SFOD may infiltrate a JSOA when the situation is not well known, when the indigenous force is small, or when the indigenous force is so well developed that only minimum coordination is needed. It normally coordinates directly with the FOB staff on all operational, administrative, and logistics support matters.

4-44. Two or more SFODs may infiltrate a JSOA concurrently, each establishing separate area commands for larger areas or more complex situations. Lateral communication between detachments operating in adjacent areas is limited to need-to-know operational requirements or emergency situations.

4-45. As activities in the JSOA expand, a tailored SFOD may deploy to establish and advise an area command. The area command directs the activities of the SFODAs in subordinate JSOAs. In this situation, subordinate SFODAs coordinate all operational matters with the commanding SFODB, which in turn coordinates directly with the FOB staff. Each subordinate SFODA continues to coordinate routine administrative and logistics support directly with the FOB. In addition to SF, other U.S. or coalition military

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organizations or agencies may have elements operating in the JSOA. The SOC commander must make every effort to identify these other elements. He coordinates to establish command and support relationships and the proper degree of liaison, coordination, and cooperation among elements.

Coordination of all external agencies with the SOC or JSOTF is critical before the agencies conduct any activities that may affect operations within the JSOA.

4-46. In an era of increased mobility and a seamless battlespace, SF JSOAs may border or encompass part of another theater component’s AO. This condition could allow conventional forces to bypass or overrun the SF units suddenly, or to place the SF units in a friendly rear area. In these cases, deconfliction by the theater SOC and close coordination with the bordering or approaching forces are critical to maintaining unity of effort and preventing fratricide.

LINKUP OPERATIONS WITH CONVENTIONAL FORCES

4-47. Termination of all SF missions is preplanned whenever possible.

Preplanning is exceptionally critical during the conduct of linkup operations.

Once the intent to link up is determined, an SFLE deploys to the supported conventional force HQ. The SFLE coordinates the SFODA’s linkup plan with that of the conventional force to ensure efficiency and to prevent fratricide.

Elaborate plans for linkup must be avoided. Simple plans for linkup or passage of friendly lines, both taught in most leadership schools, produce the best results. During mission planning, planners must also address postmission employment for SF units conducting linkup with conventional forces. They must answer, as early as possible, such questions as, Will the SFODA be attached to the conventional force, exfiltrated, or issued new instructions after linkup?

SPECIAL FORCES COMMAND AND CONTROL AT CONVENTIONAL FORCE HEADQUARTERS

4-48. To ensure success, SF operations require synchronization with other ongoing or planned conventional force operations. This function is a fundamental command responsibility, enabled through coordination through a SOCOORD, SOCCE, or SFLE.

4-49. Information flow through and the placement of the SOCOORD, SOCCE, or SFLE are dependent upon the situation and the level of coordination required. At the corps or MEF level, the SOCOORD is the SO staff coordinating future SF operations into the overall plan. When SF conducts missions that support the conventional forces or operates within a conventional force’s AOR, the SOC or JSOTF commander directs a SOCCE to collocate with the conventional forces. The SOCCE performs a vital function during the conduct of an SF mission that supports or potentially operates in the path of a tactical unit. SOF commanders at every level must analyze conventional force dispositions and missions to ensure that the proper SF liaison presence is established when required.

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SPECIAL FORCES COMMAND AND CONTROL OF CONVENTIONAL