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Development of Makassar and the surrounding areas of the city is inevitable due to the pressure of urban growth. The local authority has seen this and is responding by issuing a development plan which integrates the city with three adjoining regencies. Although this study cannot cover all three based on their administrative borders, it will consider the three regencies that have a direct connection with the Makassar major urban region (Figure 5.2).

Figure 4.14. Makassar and its surrounding areas relevant for urban development Figure 4.14 shows three surrounding regencies that might be affected by Makassar’s growth and development. Through the presidential decree (2011) the government has declared for the integration of all four areas into the Greater Urban Region of Mamminasata (abbreviation of Makassar, Maros, Sungguminasa (Gowa) and Takalar).

City of Makassar

Regency of Gowa

Regency of Maros

Regency of Takalar

This constitutes the area of integrated development for the spatial plan for the regions.

Because of resources, this study will only make an inventory for Makassar, although areas outside the Makassar border are also taken into consideration, especially when the patches are continuous across a border or spaces outside Makassar are considered to be significantly related to spaces within it. Although general land uses and landscape characters will also be identified for this greater region, detailed assessment of spaces will not be undertaken, with focused on Makassar as the main city.

4.7. Summary

This chapter describes the history and existing condition of Makassar. Government initiatives are described, suggesting that the authority acknowledges the importance of ensuring there is sufficient green space in the built area of the city. However, it is unclear how and whether these targets can be met. The connection between Makassar and its wider region is established, along with the scope of this investigation.

The contribution of this research to meeting the green space targets through establishing an inventory of green spaces that reflects what is seen in the city of Makassar is described in the next chapter.

Chapter 5

Developing a Space Typology for a Network 5.1. Identification of all spaces regardless of land status

The starting point for this part of the investigation was the 2006 city council land-use map. For some land-use types this map appears too general while for others it looks too specific, and with some overlaps. Therefore for this study it was necessary to set up an inventory of all available spaces and their various land-uses in the city and construct the map in Figure 5.1. Apart from mapping the spaces, a data base was created that sets out the characteristics of and information about each space, something that was not available in the government map. This was done using aerial photographs, and includes all spaces already in the government map.

Figure 5.1. Open and green spaces in Makassar: results of study inventory mapping

Figure 5.1 shows Makassar seems to have significant amounts of open and green space (non-built area) with various land uses. The intention in this study is to classify these spaces based on a typology that considers land use and land status.

Table 5.1 presents all spaces identified by this study and the various types of land use they represent.

Table 5.1. All study identified spaces based on land uses

Land use Area (ha) Percentage

(%) Agriculture fields (including paddy field and mix crops) 2864.03 39.73

Building/property open/green space 7.35 0.10

Campus ground/park/open space 8.31 0.12

Cemetery 72.84 1.01

Commercial/business open space 0.49 0.01

Dam corridor 3.66 0.05

Dormitory yard 0.79 0.01

Fish ponds 1937.84 26.88

Golf course 10.02 0.14

Green corridors (of roads and river/stream) 35.93 0.50

Green space/public parks 96.46 1.34

Industrial open/green space 106.31 1.47

Institutional yard/open/green space 15.56 0.22

Marshland/water catchment area 415.17 5.76

Military ground/complex 2.49 0.03

Mosque/churchyard 0.43 0.01

Office yard/open space 3.67 0.05

Other empty/open field/space 752.11 10.43

Parking/service area 0.70 0.01

Residential space 113.74 1.58

Riparian zones; river/stream corridor 450.67 6.25

School yard 4.48 0.06

Shallow lake 6.75 0.09

Sports field/public field 9.01 0.13

Squatter settlement 0.70 0.01

Swamp 58.83 0.82

Urban forest (including campus ground designated for such function) 166.48 2.31

Others (unspecified) 63.73 0.88

Total 7208.58 100.00

The land uses in Table 5.1 are taken from the government description as well as the interpretation used in this study based on aerial photographs and site visits. The original government source has very many land uses, some of them overlapping, so simplification is required. One way of simplifying the classification is by introducing a typology which considers various aspects including the current land uses and types.

In order to analyse and assess the potential for a green network in Makassar, it is first necessary to evaluate the landscape structures in the Makassar urban region. For this, the landscape structure indices should ideally refer to landscape ecology principles, which include patches, edges, corridors and mosaics (Dramstad et al., 1996); (Richard T. T. Forman, 1995). However, this research is focussed on patches and corridors for two main reasons:

1) it is assumed that analysis of the edge is necessary for specific investigation of both plant and animal species;

2) the assumption is the existing ecology of Makassar is still engaged with the issue of green open space provision to help environmental quality, hence patches and corridors are more relevant and related to plants (Hidayansyah, 2007); (Gauk, 2009).

Knowledge about the importance of making use of green spaces in an urban area, as seen in many developed cities, has also inspired this research. The first need is to identify how the spaces in the study location are utilized and managed by the government. Therefore, the first important thing is creating an inventory of potential green spots and corridors. This will then be assessed to see how the things really are on the ground.

This stage is then followed by performing an assessment of the biodiversity of the spaces and the possible network. To do this requires regional and local scale GIS work along with ground observation as necessary, and supporting supplementary information in the form of government documents, plans, and previous studies and research.