Capítulo 7: Diseño de Evaluación conceptual participativa de la reforma de la PAC
7.2. Diseño del análisis de coherencia
7.2.1. Interna
• It would be very desirable to repeat the experiments with
a different solid phase- A non—expanding clay, such as kaolinite, would be good because of the prevalence of clays in natural waters. With clays, however, rigorous cleaning of organic and inorganic impurities from the particles may not be possible without destroying the
structure of the clay. Experiments with a different solid phase such as kaolinite would <1> lend more credibility to
the ozone—induced microflocculation trends observed in
this research and their applicability to natural waters,
and (S) allow rigorous comparison of the effects of
lacking in the present literature regarding the potential
•for adsorbed humic material to control particle stability
and, to some extent, surface chemistry such that all
particles in a given body of water appear to behave
similarly. Clearly, it would be desirable to augment this research with an evaluation of the extent of adsorption of organics and, perhaps, metal cation adsorption and
complexation to detail the differences in particle
behavior in natural waters.
• Coagulation rate experiments with various natural waters
should be performed to ensure that trends observed in
model ozone-induced microflocculation experiments apply to
natural waters. These experiments would entail measuring the constituents of the water (i.e. total organic carbon,
multivalent metal cations such as calcium and iron, algal
content, etc.), and performing coagulation rate
experiments. These experiments could be supplemented by spiking some raw waters with calcium or other
constituents, testing a variety of coagulants, and assessing the effect of ozone on the removal of:
- total organic carbon
- total trihalomethane formation potential - total organic halide formation potential
- residual metals, particularly aluminum in tests with aluminum coagulants, in light of hypotheses relating ozonation to increased metal complexation and future regulations anticipated for total residual aluminum.
• Coagulation experiments could be coupled with experiments
to test filter head-loss build-up or filter plugging at
various hydraulic loadings to analyze the effect of ozone
on allowable filtration rates.
9 More research is needed concerning the effect of ozone on
metal complexation and the adsorption of organics. Tests with calcium, aluminum* and iron are of particular
interest because of their presence in natural waters
and their use in water treatment,
• Experiments should be conducted to assess the effect of pH and alkalinity on the ability of ozone to function as a
coagulant-aid. Hydroxide ions catalyze ozone
decomposition which should cause a pH effect. Competition between H* and metal cations, such as Ca^"*", for C00~ sites and other functional groups on the humic material also suggest a pH effect. An alkalinity effect is also
suspected because the carbonate and bicarbonate ions are
radical scavengers. Consequently, the molecular ozone reaction pathway is likely to predominate over the radical decomposition pathway in solutions of high alkalinity.
• Particle aggregation research with multiple orifice particle size analysis and coagulation with typical
treatment plant coagulants such as alum, polyaluminum
chloride, ferric chloride, and polymers is needed to
assess the phenomena of particle destabi1ization and to evaluate the applicability of the particle aggregation
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